calumniam, cum celebritate assectarentur adolescentium scholae) ex argento anulos habentem. F. G. Lindner, de Arellio Fusco commentatio, Breslau 1862. 4.

eo

6. Suet. rhet. 6 (= gramm. 30): C. Albucius Silus Novariensis cum aedilitate in patria fungeretur. . contendit. . inde Romam, receptusque in Planci oratoris (above 206, 8) contubernium .. ex clarus propria auditoria instituit, solitus declamare genere vario: modo splendide atque adornate, tum . . circumcise ac sordide et tantum non trivialibus verbis, egit et causas, verum rarius, dum amplissimam quamque sectatur nec alium in ulla locum quam perorandi. postea renuntiavit foro, partim pudore partim metu (especially after in a suit pleaded before the Centumviri L. Arruntius had made him feel the difference between rhetorical figures and legal deductions, Sen. controv. VII praef. 7. Suet. 1. 1. Quintil. IX 2, 95). et rursus in cognitione caedis Mediolani apud L. Pisonem proconsulem (Cons. 739 v. c.) defendens reum paene poenas luit. iam autem senior ob vitium vomicae Novariam rediit convocataque plebe causis propter quas mori destinasset diu ac more contionantis redditis abstinuit cibo. Hieronym. ad a. Abr. 2011 Aug. 38 749 v. c.: Albucius Silo Novariensis clarus rhetor agnoscitur. Everything proves him to have been a contemporary of Seneca the Elder (Lindner p. 7 sq.). Quintil. II 15, 36: Albucius, non obscurus professor atque auctor, a passage which also shows that he wrote on the theory of eloquence. Cf. ib. III 3, 4. 6, 62. Ps. Vergil. Catal. 7, 3 sq.: vos, Sile Albuci Arquitique Varroque, scholasticorum natio madens pingui. His oratorical style is described by Sen. controv. VII praef., e. g.: (1.) instatis mihi quotidie de Albucio. non ultra vos differam, quamvis non audierim frequenter, cum per totum annum quinquiens sexiensve populo diceret (declaimed publicly) .. alius erat cum turbae se committebat, alius cum paucitate contentus erat. illa intempestiva in declamationibus eius philosophia sine modo tunc.. evagabatur. cum populo diceret omnes vires suas advocabat et ideo non desinebat. argumentabatur moleste magis quam subtiliter. (2.). . splendor orationis quantus nescio an in nullo alio fuerit. dicebat citato et effuso cursu, sed praeparatus. . . sententiae . . simplices, apertae. . . (3.). . non posses de inopia sermonis latini queri cum illum audires: tantum orationis cultae fluebat... (4.) timebat ne scholasticus videretur. quem proxime dicentem commode audierat imitari volebat. memini illum. . apud Fabianum philosophum tanto iuveniorem quam ipse erat cum codicibus sedere; (5.) memini admiratione Hermagorae stupentem ad imitationem eius ardescere. nulla fiducia ingenii sui et ideo adsidua mutatio. (6.) raro Albucio respondebat fortuna, semper opinio. (7.) erat homo summae probitatis, qui nec facere iniuriam nec pati sciret. See also ib. I 4, 14 (Albucius, qui Graecos praeminet). Numerous specimens of his declamations are given by Seneca the Elder, e. g. controv. VII 16, 1—3. IX 25, 6-8. F. G. Lindner, de Gaio Albucio Silo commentatio, Breslau 1861. 18 pp. 4.

• .

5. Hieronym. ad a. Abr. 2008 Aug. 35 = 746 v. c.: Passienus pater, declamator insignis, diem obit. Seneca controv. II 13, 17: Passienus, vir eloquentissimus et temporis sui primus orator. Exc. contr. III praef. 14: Passienum, qui nunc primo loco stat. X praef. 11: Passieno.. declamatori subtili, sed arido. III praef. 10: Passienus noster (Cassius Severus being the speaker) cum coepit dicere, secundum principium statim fuga fit, ad epilogum omnes revertimur, media tantum quibus necesse est audiunt. He was esteemed by Augustus (tantus vir), ib. X 34, 21. See also ib. VII 16, 20. His son was Passienus Crispus bis consul (iterum A. D. 44), orator, Agrippinae matrimonio et Nerone privigno clarior postea (Plin. n. h. XVI 242). Cf. Schol. Iuv. IV 81 (though there he appears to be confounded with Vibius Crispus, below 291, 2): plurimas sponte causas apud centumviros egit. consulatus duos gessit. uxores habuit duas, primam Domitiam, deinde Agrippinam. . . omnium principum gratiam adpetivit, sed praecipue C. Caesaris. . . periit per fraudem Agrippinae etc. Tac. A. VI 20 (scitum Passieni oratoris dictum). Quintil. VI 1, 50. X 1, 24 (nobis pueris insignes pro Voluseno Catulo Domitii Afri, Crispi Passieni, D. Laelii orationes ferebantur). The philosopher Seneca addressed to him from his exile the 6th epigram (in Riese, Anth. lat. 405, p. 264, e. g. v. 2: Crispe, vel antiquo conspiciende foro. v. 8 sq. cuius cecropio pectora melle madent, maxima facundo vel avo vel gloria patri). Cf. ib. 445 (p. 281).

6. L. Cestius Pius (Suet. ind. rhett., p. 99 Rffsch.) Smyrnaeus rhetor latine Romae docuit, Hieronym. ad a. Abr. 2004 = Aug. 31 = 742 v. c. Sen. suas. 7, 13: erat Cestius nullius quidem ingenii, Ciceroni etiam infestus, quod illi non inpune cessit. nam cum M. Tullius filius Ciceronis Asiam optineret (a. 725) . . servus . . interroganti domino quis ille vocaretur qui in imo recumberet ait: hic est Cestius qui patrem tuum negabat litteras scisse; adferri protinus flagra iussit et Ciceroni.. de corio Cestii satisfecit. Exc. controv. III praef. 15: pueri fere aut iuvenes scholas frequentant; hi non tantum disertissimis viris (contemporaries) Cestium suum praeferunt sed etiam Ciceroni praeferrent ni lapides timerent. . . huius declamationes ediscunt, illius orationes non legunt nisi eas quibus Cestius rescripsit. (16.) memini (says Cassius Severus) me intrare scholam eius cum recitaturus esset in Milonem Cestius (cf. Quintil. X 5, 20: rescribere veteribus orationibus, ut fecit Cestius contra Ciceronis actionem habitam pro Milone). Cestius Ciceroni responsurus mihi quod responderet non invenit. (17.) deinde libuit (mihi) Ciceroni de Cestio in foro satisfacere. . . dixi molestum me amplius non futurum si iurasset disertiorem esse Ciceronem quam se. nec hoc ut faceret vel ioco vel serio effici potuit. Contr. VII praef. 8: Cestii, mordacissimi hominis. 16, 27: Cestium latinorum verborum inopia hominem graecum laborasse, sensibus abundasse. Many specimens of his declamations occur in the pages of Seneca. Of his pupils we may mention Surdinus (15, 3), Aietius Pastor (Sen. contr. I 3, 11), Quintilius Varus (the son of the well-known general

and son-in-law to Germanicus. ib. I 3, 10), and especially Argentarius, see Sen. contr. IX 26, 12 (p. 265 Bu.). Cestius. . quid putatis, aiebat, Argentarium esse? Cesti simius est. . . fuerat enim Argentarius Cesti auditor et erat imitator. aiebat invicem: quid putatis esse Cestium nisi Cesti cinerem? (13.) omnibus autem insistebat (Arg.) Cesti vestigiis: aeque ex tempore dicebat, aeque contumeliose multa interponebat; illud tamen optima fide praestitit, cum uterque Graecus esset, ut numquam graece declamaret. Cf. W. Teuffel in Pauly's Encycl. I 2. p. 1518, nr. 1. F. G. Lindner, de L. Cestio Pio, Züllichau 1858. 17 pp. 4.

7. (L.) Iunius Gallio, friend to Seneca the Elder (Gallio noster, Sen. p. 21, 15. 130, 2. 160, 11. 162, 2. 181, 10. 359, 15 Bu.), and Ovid (Nasoni suo, ib. p. 21, 30) probably the same Gallio whom Ovid endeavours to console on the death of his wife, ex Ponto IV 11. He seems to have been rather of the same age as Ovid than Seneca the Elder; see Sen. controv. VII praef. 5 sq. He wrote a rhetorical work (Quintil. III 1, 21: pater Gallio) and declamations (ib. IX 2, 91: remissius et pro suo ingenio pater Gallio; cf. Tac. dial. 26: tinnitus Gallionis), which were still extant in the age of Hieronymus, (comm. in Esaiam, praef.: qui . . concinnas declamationes desiderant legant Tullium, Quintilianum, Gallionem, Gabinianum). Specimens which lead us to infer relative sobriety of style (see B. Schmidt p. 22-24) are frequent in Seneca, the longer ones occur suas. 5, 8. controv. I 1, 4 and 14. 2, 11 sq. 7, 12. 8, 9. II 11, 6 sq. and 4. VII 16, 12 sq. 22, 3-5. 23, 4. 24, 8 and 10. IX 26, 2 sq. and 6. 27, 12 sq. 28, 1. 7 sq. 11. 21. X 31, 1-3 34, 13-17. See also X praef. 8: monstrabo bellum vobis libellum, quem a Gallione vestro petatis. recitavit rescriptum Labieno pro Bathyllo Maecenatis. Tac. A. VI 3. Dio LX 35. LXII 25. B. Schmidt, de L. Junio Gallione rhetore, Marburg 1866. 33 pp. 8. He adopted the eldest son of his friend Seneca, M. Annaeus Novatus, who was subsequently called L. Iunius Gallio (Dio LX 35), and obtained a consulship under Claudius and then governed Achaia (A. D. 52.). Stat. Silv. II 7, 32 calls him dulcis. His brother Seneca addressed to him (under the name of Novatus) his treatises de ira and (ad Gallionem) de vita beata. According to Tac. A. XV 73, he survived Seneca (+ 65), but was soon forced to follow his example; see Hieron. a. Abr. 2080 = Nor. 10 = 64 v. c. instead of 65): Iunius Gallio, frater Senecae, egregius declamator (perhaps a confusion with his adoptive father) propria se manu interficit. W. Teuffel in Pauly's Encycl. I 1. p. 1015, nr. 13a.

8. Iunius Otho pater. . edidit quattuor libros colorum, quos belle Gallio noster Antiphontis libros vocabat: tantum in illis somniorum est, Sen. controv. II 9, 33. Cf. I 3, 11: Othonem Iunium patrem memini colorem stultum inducere, quod minus ferendum est quod libros colorum edidit. Seneca gives also specimens of his declamations. He was praetor a. 775 22. Of him Tac. A. III 66: Iunio Othoni litterarium ludum exercere vetus ars fuit; mox Seiani potentia senator obscura initia impudentibus ausis propolluebat.

9. Sen. controv. I 1, 22: hanc partem memini apud Cestium de-
clamari ab Alfio Flavo, ad quem audiendum me fama perduxerat;
qui cum praetextatus esset tantae opinionis fuit ut populo rom. puer
eloquentia notus esset. . . tanto concursu hominum audiebatur ut raro
auderet post illum Cestius dicere. ipse omnia mala faciebat ingenio
suo. naturalis tamen illa vis eminebat quae post multos annos, iam et
desidia obruta et carminibus (which probably means erotic poems).
enervata, vigorem tamen suum tenuit. Cf. II 14, 8: Flavum Alfium,
auditorem suum, qui eandem rem lascivius dixerat, obiurgavit (Cestius).
Exc. contr. III 7, 3: Alfius Flavus hanc sententiam dixit: . . hunc Ce-
stius quasi corrupte dixisset obiurgans, apparet, inquit, te poetas stu-
diose legere: iste sensus eius est qui hoc saeculum amatoriis non arti-
bus tantum sed sententiis implevit (of Ovid). Specimens of the decla-
mations of Alfius are given by Sen. controv. I 1, 23. 7, 7. II 10, 3. He
is probably the same as Alfius Flavus whom Pliny n. h. IX 8, 25 (ni
res Maecenatis et Fabiani et Flavi Alfii multorumque esset litteris
mandata), comp. ind. auct. 1. IX, quotes as his authority for an anecdote
of the age of Augustus.

10. Among the other rhetoricians from whom Seneca the Elder
quotes extracts and who partly belong to the period of Tiberius, those
who are most frequently mentioned are Argentarius (above n. 6), P.
(Nonius) Asprenas (above 262, 2), Blandus (above 261, 10), Bruttedius
Brutus, (Fabius?) Buteo, Capito (Sen. contr. X praef. 12), Clodius Sa-
binus and Turrinus (X praef. 14 sqq.), Cornelius Hispanus, Fulvius
Sparsus (an imitator of Latro, Sen. contr. X praef. 11; homo inter
scholasticos sanus, inter sanos scholasticus, ib. I 7, 15), Gavius Sabinus
and Silo (X praef. 14), Iulius Bassus (see above 249, 4), Licinius Nepos,
Marillus (praeceptor noster, Sen. contr. VII 17, 11; above n. 2), Mur-
redius (very slightingly treated by Seneca, see Körber p. 64 sq.), Musa
(X praef. 9), Oscus (ib. 10 sq.), Pompeius Silo (sedens et facundus
et litteratus est et haberetur disertus si a praelocutione dimitteret;
declamat male, ib. III praef. 11; homo qui iudicio censebatur, ib. IX
25, 22; a contemporary of Porcius Latro, see ib. VII 23, 10. IX 28, 10.
Extensive specimens are given suas. 7, 5 and 10 sq. contr. I 2, 20. 5,
3. 7, 13. II 9, 16 and 20 sq. IX 25, 17 sq. 29, 14 sq. X 32, 11); the
delator Romanius Hispo (erat natura qui asperiorem dicendi viam
sequeretur, ib. IX 26, 11 cf. VII 17, 13. Tac. A. I 74. XIV 65. Quintil.
VI 3, 100), Sepullius Bassus, Triarius (compositione verborum belle
cadentium multos scholasticos delectabat, Sen. contr. VII 19, 10; a
contemporary of Asinius Pollio, Latro and Cestius, ib. II 11, 19. VII
19, 10. IX 29, 11; long specimens suas. 7, 6. contr. I 2, 21. II 12, 8.
VII 20, 1 sq. IX 25, 20 sq. 29, 9 and 11. X 33, 4. 34, 5); Vallius Sy-
riacus, Vibius Gallus (fuit tam magnae olim eloquentiae quam postea
insaniae, a contemporary of Papirius Fabianus Sen. contr. II 9, 25 sq.;
specimens ib. II 9, 9. VII 20, 3. 23, 5. IX 24, 4. 29, 2) and Vibius Ru-
fus (erat qui antiquo genere diceret, ib. IX 25, 25. specimens ib. II 9,
2. 11, 8. 14, 10. VII 18, 4; but the one quoted by Pliny in his ind

auct. on b. XIV, XV, XIX, XXI, is called Vib. Rufinus), L. Vinicius (quo nemo civis rom. in agendis causis praesentius habuit ingenium, Sen. contr. II 13, 20; IIIvir monetalis a. 738 v. c. and in reference to this eleganter dixit divus Augustus: L. Vinicius ingenium in numerato habet, ib.; a specimen ib. 19), and his brother (ib. 19) P. Vinicius (exactissimi vir ingenii, qui nec dicere res ineptas nec ferre poterat, ib. VII 20. p. 217, 3 sqq. Bu.; summus amator Ovidii, ib. X 33, 25: a specimen ib. I 2, 3; against him see Sen. Epist. 40, 9. Consul 755 v. c.; see A. Haakh in Pauly's Encycl. VI 2. p. 2627 sq. nr. 4 and 5): Votienus Montanus (see below 271, 1).

11. A certain Popilius Lenas is mentioned as a rhetorician and the author of rhetorical works by Quintil. X 7, 32 cf. III 1, 21. XI 3, 183 (quod a Graecis sumptum P. L. posuit). He probably lived as late as Tiberius; cf. below 275, 1.

12. Porphyrio on Hor. Ep. I 5, 9: Moschus hic Pergamenus rhetor notissimus, reus veneficii fuit, cuius causam ex primis tunc oratores egerunt, Torquatus (see above 262, 2.) hic de quo nunc dicit (Horatius), cuius extat oratio, et Asinius Pollio. Cf. Sen. controv. II 13, 13: novi declamatores post Moschum Apollodoreum, qui reus veneficii fuit et a Pollione Asinio defensus, damnatus Massiliae docuit. Hence it seems that he wrote in Greek, like Artemon, Damas, Diocles, Euctemon, Glycon Spiridion, Hybreas, Nicetes, Potamon and others mentioned by Suetonius.

264. Nearly the whole of the eighth century v. c. was embraced by the life of Annaeus Seneca of Corduba, the father of Novatus, Seneca the philosopher, and of Mela, the father of Lucan. A man of genuine Roman severity and straightforwardness, of sober judgment, and in point of style an admirer of Cicero, he himself does not appear to have held a high position among the refined speakers of his time. But, besides an historical work, he composed in his later years, a survey of the themes commonly treated in the schools, 10 books of controversiae and one book of suasoriae, under the title of oratorum et rhetorum sententiae, divisiones, colores, which bears witness to his wonderful memory, and is a rich store-house for the history of rhetoric under Augustus and Tiberius. We possess this work with considerable gaps. Some of them are filled up by a still extant abridgment (Excerpta) made in the fourth or fifth century of the Christian era.

1. The praenomen in part of the mss. (especially the Bruxell.) is Lucius, which may be owing to confusion with the son, but may also be right. Since the time of Raph. Volaterranus M. has been arbitrarily as