preparatives, sues for peace. He endeavours to get Trajan

assassinated, 93. An officer of distinction, traiterously seized

by him, poisons himself, 94. Trajan builds a bridge over

the Danube, 95. Decebalus, conquered, and in danger of

being taken, kills himself, 96. His hidden treasures disco-

vered. Colonies established by Trajan in Dacia and the

neighbouring provinces. Trajan's second triumph, 98.

Arabia Petraa subdued by Palma. Trajan's occupations du-

ring his abode in Rome. Crassus conspires against him, and

is only banished for it, 09. Trajan makes war against the

Parthians, and goes into the East, 100.. Armenia conquer-

ed by Trajan, and made a Roman province, 102. Conquest

of Mesopotamia, 104. Arabia Petraa subdued, and made

å Roman province. Trajan maintains a proper discipline

among his troops, as much by his own example as by his

orders. Lusius Quietus, by birth a Mauritanian, one of

Trajan's best generals, 105. Barbarous nations to the north

of Armenia subdued by Trajan. Trajan's return to Rome,

which he leaves again towards the year 865, to renew the war

against the Parthians, 106. Violent earthquake at Antioch,

107. Trajan consults the oracle of Heliopolis, and receives

an enigmatical answer, 108. Trajan throws a bridge of

boats over the Tigris. The Roman method of building a

bridge of boats, 109. Trajan conquers Assyria. He re-

turns towards Babylon, 110. Trajan takes the cities of

Ctesiphon and Susa, 111. Prosperity seems to have turned

his brain. He falls down the Tigris, crosses the Persian

gulph, and enters the ocean. He takes a sea-port on the

south coast of Arabia Felix, 112. He envies Alexander his

great renown. He visits the ruins of Babylon, 113. The

countries lately conquered rebel. Trajan subdues them again.

He gives the Parthians a king, 114. Trajan undertakes

the siege of Alra, but is forced to raise it, 115. Rebellions

and disasters of the Jews in Cyrane, Egypt, Cyprus, and

Mesopotamia, 116. Trajan falls sick. Loss of his con-

quests in the East, 118. Adrian's schemes and intrigues to

make Trajan adopt him, 119. Trajan had quite different

views, and thought not of adopting Adrian, 121. Trajan

dies, and Adrian succeeds him by virtue of a forged adoption,

Honours done to Trajan's memory. Duration of his

life and reign. His virtues and his vices, 123.

122.

BOOK XIX.

SECT. I. Adrian proclaimed emperor in Syria, writes to

the senate to desire a confirmation of what had been done by

the

the army, 137. The senate grants it, 138. Adrian remains

some time in the East. He abandons all Trajan's conquests

in the East, 139. Adrian's jealousy of Trajan's glory, 140.

He preserves peace all his reign, purchasing it of the bar-

barians. The Jews reduced to an entire submission by Mar-

tius Turbo, 142. Adrian returns to Rome, and secures the

tranquillity of Dacia, by making peace with the Sarmata and

Roxolani, 143. Dangers from domestic enemies. Adrian

uses clemency at first, 144. A conspiracy. Four consular

persons put to death. Adrian denies his having any hand in

these executions, 145. He endeavours to efface the odious im-

pression by his bounties to the people, 146. A mixture of

virtues and vices in Adrian. A popular maxim of Adrian

concerning the nature of power, 148. His taste for simpli-

city, 149. He lives familiarly with his friends, 150. His

conduct towards the people mixed with complaisance and steadi-

ness. He is extremely popular to the cities in alliance or

in subjection to the empire. He is affable and liberal to in-

dividuals. His attention to ease the public calamities, 151.

Acts of clemency. Multitude and magnificence of Adrian's

works over all the empire, 154. Care of justice. He fre-

quently administers it himself, 157. His attention to the

conduct of the governors of the provinces. Four consular

persons established with the power of jurisdiction over Italy,

158. Perpetual edict. Laws upon different subjects, 159.

Adrian gives no credit to freedmen. He preserves military

discipline by his diligence and example. He is much beloved

by the soldiery, 162. He makes several regulations in re-

gard to the Roman militia. Adrian not so valuable a man

as a prince, 165. He piques himself upon his application to

all the arts and sciences, even astrology and magic, 166. He

is skilled in the Roman and Greek religion, and despises all

others. He was moderate as to the Christian religion, 167.

Adrian's indiscreet curiosity as to the common affairs of life.

He loves the conversation of the learned, and their merit

raises his jealousy, 168. Examples of Dionysius of Miletum

and Favorinus, 169. He banishes, and afterwards puts to

death, Apollodorus the architect, 171. He is always violent

in his friendship and hatred. He envies even the glory of

the dead, 172. He persecutes all his friends. Tatian pro-

scribed, 173. Martius Turbo disgraced. Similis retires,

175. Adrian's wicked proceedings against his wife, Dis-

grace of Septicius Clarus and Suetonius, 176. Enormous

debauches of Adrian. Antinous, 177. Adrian's extravagant

passion

passion for dogs and hunting-horses. The notion that may be

formed of Adrian's character, 178.

SECT. II. Adrian's voyages. He does not visit his own

country, 179. He comes into Gaul and Germany. In Great

Britain he builds a wall, to stop the incursions of the barba-

rians, 189. Troubles in Egypt about Apis. Adrian at

Terragona. He quells some warlike commotions in Mauri-

tania. A short description of the rest of his voyages, 181.

Adrian's letter concerning Egypt, 183. The Athenians load-

ed with favours, 184. His severity against governors who

abused their power. His pacific conduct with foreign kings

and nations, 185. Revolt of the Jews, 186. Barchochebas.

The rebels are overcome, and extirpated in three years, 188.

The Jews forbidden ever to enter into Jerusalem, but upon the

anniversary-day of the taking of their city, 190. A new city

built upon the ruins of Jerusalem, with the name of Ælia Ca-

pitolina, 191. The great merit of Julius Severus, the con-

queror of the Jews, 192.

SECT. III. Adrian's sickness, 193. He adopts Verus.

The birth and character of Verus, 194. Adrian puts to

death Servian, and Fuscus, grandson of Servian, and many

others. The death of the empress Sabina. Verus is made

pretor, and twice consul, 196. He languishes some time, and

dies, 197. Adrian adopts in his room Titus Antoninus.

History of Antoninus, till his adoption, 198. Adrian, tor-

mented with a long sickness, wants to despatch himself. Anto-

ninus puts it out of his power, 210. He saves many sena-

tors, whom Adrian would have put to death. Adrian's death,

212. With great difficulty Antoninus obtains of the senate

that Adrian should be ranked with the gods, 213. A judg-

ment of Adrian. The state of learning in his reign, 215.

SECT. IV. Antoninus's reign, in all respects, worthy of

being remembered, wants historians. Honours decreed to An

toninus, and to all who belong to him, 224. He begins with

acts of clemency to the conspirators, 223. Beginnings of a re-

bellion, and war appeased without trouble, 226. The indif-

ference of the Roman emperors for conquests. The reign of

Antoninus was pacific. He studies to make his people happy,

227. He takes advice; but does not suffer himself to be go-

verned. He is fond of giving a reason for his conduct. His

affable and popular manners, 228. Acts of kindness, which

even injuries do not prevent, 229. When he must use severity,

he always softened it with mildness, 230. His compassion, a

great assistance in public calamities. He fears to
He fears to oppress the

people. Antoninus's goodness does not degenerate into weak-

ness, 231. He manages the finances of the state, and is libe-

ral

Fal of his own fortune, 232. An economist without avarice,

he understands where to bestow his liberalities, 233. Games

and spectacles. Edifices with which he embellishes Rome, and

many other cities. Equality and steadiness of his conduct, 234.

Antoninus's ordinances upon several points of jurisprudence,

233. Rescripts in favour of Christians, 236. He is re-

spected by all the neighbouring kings and nations to the em-

pire, 237. His private conduct was as praiseworthy as his

maxims of government. Some imperfection, however, to be ob-

served, 238. Antoninus makes Marcus Aurelius his son-in-

law, and gives him the name of Cesar, 239. Marcus Aure-

lius continues his exercises and studies of philosophy, 240. The

saucy pedantry of Apollonius the Stoic. The good heart of

Marcus Aurelius, He is associated into the tribunitial power.

Secular games, 241. He governs with Antoninus, 242. Sick-

ness and death of Antoninus, 243. Honours paid to his me-

mory, 244. Veneration for the name of Antoninus. A picture

of Antoninus, drawn by Marcus Aurelius, 245. Antoninus

loves and cultivates letters. Men famous for their genius, and

their works in his reign. Fronto, an orator. Appian. Pto

lomy. Maximus of Tyre. Herodes Atticus, 249.

t

BOOK XX.

SECT. I. Marcus Aurelius acknowledged emperor, associates

his adoptive brother into the empire, and makes him take the

name of Verus, 259. Judgment of this act of Marcus Aure-

lius. Largesses to the soldiers and people, 260. Funeral of

Antoninus, 261. Happy and peaceable beginnings. Birth of

Commodus. Inundation of the Tyber. Sundry warlike com-

motions. War with the Parthians, 262. Verus goes into the

East, 264. Events of war, 205. Verus has no part in the

war. Entirely taken up with pleasure, 266. He is adorned

with three pompous titles, which he communicates to Marcus

Aurelius. Completion of the projected marriage between Verus

and Lucilla, daughter of Marcus Aurelius, 268. After the

conclusion of the war, Verus returns to Rome. He triumphs

with Marcus Aurelius. A terrible plague which wastes the

empire, 269. The vices of Verus increased during his stay in

Syria; they carry him into excesses, 270. Picture of Marcus

Aurelius's conduct. His evenness of mind. His deference for

the senate, 273. His attention to the happiness of the people,

275. His condescension to the taste of the people in respect of

shows and sports, 277. Goodness the fundamental character

of

of Marcus Aurelius, 278. He erred in this through excess.

In consequence of this, he is suspected of affectation in his vir-

tue, 280. He punishes informers. He causes justice to be ad-

ministered, and does it himself with a scrupulous exactness, 281.

Divers rules of Marcus Aurelius, 282. History of the life

and death of Peregrinus, 286.

SECT. II. A general idea of the war with the Marcomanni.

Three periods in this war, 294. It was preceded by that with

the Catti. Beginning of the Marcomanni war. Preparations

of Aurelius, 295. The two emperors set out together for the

war, 296.
Account of what they did. Death of Lucius Ve-

rus, 297. Suspicions in regard to it against Aurelius re-

futed, 298. Apotheosis of L. Verus. Want of openness in

M. Aurelius's behaviour, 299. He uses it very properly to

the sisters and aunts of Verus. He marries his daughter again

to Pompeianus. A great victory over the Marcomanni, 300.

Aurelius returns into Pannonia, and pushes the war with vi-

gour for five years. Battle against the Jazyges upon the fro-

zen Danube, 301. Victory over the Quadi owing to the assist-

ance of Heaven, obtained by the prayers of Christians, 302.

Aurelius's clemency to Ariogeses, king of the Quadi, 305. He

grants peace to the nations he had conquered. Above a hundred

thousand prisoners restored to the Romans. Colonies of bar-

barians received into the dominions of the empire, 300. Officers

who distinguished themselves in that war. Rufus Baseus, Pom-

peianus, Pertinax, 307. The illustrious dead honoured with

statues. Aurelius is prevented from pushing the war against

the barbarians by the revolt of Avidius Cassius. Character of

this rebel, 308. He causes himself to be proclaimed emperor,

315. Aurelius hears, in Pannonia, of the revolt of Cassius,

318. Cassius is slain, at the end of three months, by two offi

cers of the army, 321. Aurelius's clemency to the family and

accomplices of Cassius, 325. No Christian took part in the

revolt of Cassius, 326.

SECT. III. Aurelius visits the Eastern provinces, 327.

Cassius's papers burnt, without being read. Aurelius pardons

the cities and nations who had followed Cassius's party. He

maintains peace with the kings of the East. Death of Faustina,

328. Irregularities in her conduct. Aurelius's excessive pa-

tience in this respect. He causes divine honours to be paid her

after her death, 329. He takes a concubine, 330. He visits

Alexandria and Athens. He returns to Italy, 331.
An ac-

count of his too great indulgence to his son Commodus. Ead

character of this young prince, 332. Triumph of Aurelius.

Largesses, 334. He passes almost two years at Rome.

Re-

newal