P. 2. (is wanting, but is supplied by the Future Indicative.)

sequ-itor.

sequ-itor.

3. hort-antor.

bland-iuntor.

ver-itum (am, um) secu-tum (am, um) bland-itum (am, um)

bland-iri.

hort-anlus, a, um. ver-endus, a, um. sequ-endus, a, um. bland-iendus, a, um

Note. The supine secutum and the participle secutus are analogous to solutum and solutus, from solvo, in pronunciation and orthography; for the Consonant v, which is audible in the present sequor, is softened into the Vowel น, and lengthened according to the rule mentioned above, § 154. In sequutum, as some persons write, the additional vowel u cannot be explained in any way. The same is the case with locutum, from loquor. (Compare. .bove, 5, in fin.)

CHAPTER XLIII.

REMARKS ON THE CONJUGATIONS.

[§ 160.] 1. In the terminations avi, evi, and ivi of the tenses expressing a completed action, viz., of the perfect and pluperfect, indicative and subjunctive, and of the future perfect, as well as of the infinitive perfect active, a syncopation takes place.

(a) In the first conjugation the v is dropped and the vowels a-i and a-e are contracted into a long a. This is the case wherever avi is followed by an s, or ave by an r; e. g., amavisti, amâsti; amavissem, amâssem; amavisse, amásse; amaverunt, amârunt; amaverim, amârim; amaveram, amâram; amavero, amâro, &c. Both forms, the entire and the contracted one, are, on the whole, of the same value, but the latter seems to be chiefly used when the contracted vowel is followed by an s; whereas the entire form was preferred in those cases where an r follows, although even in this case Livy is rather partial to the contracted form; e. g., vindicarimus, oppugnarimus, necarimus, maturarimus; in Cicero, too, it is not uncomA contracted form of the verb juvare (adjuvare) occurs only in the more ancient language; e. g., adjuro for adjuvero in a verse of Ennius (ap. Cic., Cat. Maj., 1).

mon.

(b) The termination evi in the second and third conjugations is treated in the same manner; e. g., neo, I spin, nevi, nêsti, nêstis, nerunt. Thus we often find complêssem, delêram, and in the third conjugation consuerunt for consueverunt, quiêssem, decrêssem, decrêsse for decrevisse; siris, sirit, for siveris and siverit. The termination ovi, however, is contracted only in novi, novisse, with its compounds, and in the compounds of moveo, movi; e. g., norunt, nôsse, cognôram, cognôro, commôssem.

(c) In the fourth conjugation ivi is frequently contracted before s; hence, instead of audivisse, audivisti, audivis

sem, we find audisse, audîsti, audissem, and in the time of Quintilian the latter forms must have been more commonly used than the others. But there is another form of the tenses expressing a completed action, which arises from simply throwing out the v: audii, audiissem, audieram, audiero. But it must be observed that those forms in which two i's meet are not used at all in good prose (as in Cicero), except in the compounds of the verb ire (see § 205), and are found only here and there in poetry, as in Virgil: audiit, mugiit, muniit, especially when the word would not otherwise suit the dactylic hexameter; as, for example, oppětii, impediit. In those forms, on the other hand, where i and e meet, the v is frequently thrown out even in good prose; e. g., audierunt, desierunt, definic ram, quaesieram.

Note.-A contraction occurs in the perfect of the first, second, and fourth conjugations when at or m follows; the forms of the perfect then become externally like those of the present tense, and can be distinguished only in some cases by the length of the vowel. This contraction occurs only in poetry, but not very commonly. Some grammarians have denied it altogether, and have endeavoured to explain such passages by supposing that they contain an enallage, that is, an interchange of tenses; but such a supposition involves still greater difficulties. Priscian, in several passages, mentions the contracted forms fumat, audit, cupit, for fumavit, audivit, cupivit, as of common occurrence, which at least supports, in general, the view of the ancient grammarians, although it does not render an examination of the particular passages superfluous. We shall pass over the less decisive passages; but it for it is undeniable in petit (in Virg., Aen., ix., 9); desit (in Martial, iii., 75, 1; and x., 86, 4); abit, obit, and perit (in Juvenal, vi., 128, 559, 295, 563, and x., 118). We accordingly consider that quum edormit, in Horace (Serm., ii., 3, 61), is likewise a perfect. In the first and second conjugations there are some instances which cannot be denied. To view donat in Horace (Serm., i., 2, 56) as a present would be exceedingly forced; but if we consider it as a contracted perfect, it quite agrees with the construction. Compare Terent., Adelph., iii., 3, 10: omnem rem modo seni quo pacto habere enar ramus ordine; Propert., ii., 7, 2; flemus uterque diu ne nos divideret. Lastly, the first person in ii is found contracted into i: Persius, iii., 97, sepeli: Seneca, Herc. Oet., 48, redi: Claudian, in Rufin., ii., 387, unde redi nescis.

2. Another syncopation, which frequently occurs in early Latin, and is made use of even in the later poetical language of Virgil and Horace, consists in the throwing out of the syllable is in the perfect and pluperfect of the third conjugation after an s or an x; e. g., evasti, for evasisti; dixti, for dixisti; divisse, for divisisse, admisse, for admisisse; iss, too, is rejected in forms like surrexe, for surrexisse; consumpse, for consumpsisse; so, also, abstraxe, for abstraxisse; abscessem, for abscessissem; erepsemus, for en epsissemus, and others.

[§ 161.] 3. The forms of the future perfect and of the

perfect subjunctive in the first conjugation in asso and assim, for avero and averim; in the second in esso and essim, for uero and uerim; and in the third in so and sim, for ero and erim, are obsolete. Numerous instances of these occur in ancient forms of law (and in later imitations of such forms), and in Plautus and Terence.

8

Note. In this manner are formed commonstrasso, levasso, peccasso, creas sit, cooptassit, imperassit, and many others of the first conjugation. The following belong to the second: licessit, cohibessit, prohibessis, and ausim. Capso, capsis, capsit, capsimus, accepso, rapsit, surrepsit, occisit, incensit, adempsit, axim, adarint, taxis, objexim, objexis, and others, occur in the third.. conjugation. The following forms deserve especial mention: faro, faxim, faxit, faximus. (Plaut., Truc., i., 1, 40), faxitis, faxint. But there is no in stance of such a syncopation in the fourth conjugation. We believe that this form is to be explained by the ancient interchange of r and s (compare § 7) and a syncopation; hence the transition would be this: levaverolevaveso-levasso; accepero-accepeso-accepso; ademero―ademeso-adempso; occiderit-occidesit-occisit, where the d before the s is dropped, as in incen derit, incensit. The few words of the second conjugation seem to have been formed in this manner, on the model of the very numerous words of the third. The irregularity in forming the perfect of words of the third conjugation (capso, accepso, faxo, and axim, instead of fexo, exim) is in ac cordance with the ancient language; thus, taxis is derived from tago, tango, and ausim from the perfect ausi, which has fallen into disuse. The form in so is acknowledged to have the meaning of a future perfect; one ex ample may suffice: Ennius ap. Cic., Cat. Maj., 1: si quid ego adjuro (for ad juvero) curamve levasso, ecquid erit praemi? For this and other reasons we cannot adopt Madvig's view (Opusc., tom. ii., nr. 2), that this form is a future made according to the Greek fashion: levo, levasso, like yɛλáw, γελάσω.

66

A few remnants only of this formation remained in use in the best period of the Latin language; e. g., jusso for jussero, in Virg., Aen., xi., 467; and faxo, in the sense of "I will," or am determined to do" (see § 511), in poetry, and in Livy, vi., 35, faxo ne juvet vox ista Veto, I will take care that this word Veto shall be of no avail to you. But especially the subjunctive faxit, faxint, expressing a solemn wish, as Cicero (in Verr., iii., 35) says in a prayer, dii immortales faxint; and Livy (xxix., 27) in a prayer says, dii-faxitis-auxitis; and in a subordinate sentence in Horace, Serm., ii., 6, 15, oro ut faxis; and in Persius, i., 112, veto quisquam faxit. Lastly, ausim and ausit, as a subjunctive expressive of doubt or hesitation, "I might venture,' occurs in Cicero, Brut., 5, and frequently in Livy and Tacitus. From these and the numerous passages in Plautus and Terence, however, it is clear that this subjunctive in sim never has the signification of a perfect subjunctive, but, in accordance with its formation, it retains the meaning of a future subjunctive. Note.-In the ancient Latin language we find a passive voice of this form

of the future; viz., turbassitur, in a law in Cic., de Leg., iii., 4, and jussitur in Cato, de Re Rust., 14, instead of turbatum fuerit and jussus fuerit; and the deponent mercassitur in an inscription (Gruter, p. 512, line 20), for mercatus fuerit. An infinitive also, with the signification of a first future active, is formed from it: as in Plautus: expugnassere, impetrassere, reconciliassere; and in Lucretius (Fragm. Non., ii., 218): depeculassere et deargentassere (consequently only in verbs of the first conjugation); for which, in later times, the circumlocution expugnaturum esse, &c., was used exclusively.

[§ 162.] In the remains of the early Latin language, and sometimes also in the poetical productions of the best age, the infinitive passive is lengthened by annexing the syllable er;* e. g., amarier, mercarier, labier, legier, mittier; the e in the termination of the imperfect of the fourth conjugation is thrown out; e. g., nutribam, lenibam, scibam,largibar, for nutriebam, leniebam, sciebam, largiebar, and the future of the same conjugation is formed in ibo instead of iam; e. g., scibo, servibo, for sciam, serviam (the last two peculiarities are retained in ordinary language only in the verb ire); and, lastly, the termination im is used for em and am in the present subjunctive of the first and third conjugations, but only in a few verbs; e. g., edim and comedim for edam and comedam, frequently occur in Plautus; also in Cicero, ad Fam., ix., 20, in fin., and Horace, Epod., iii., 3, and Serm., ii., 8, 90. Duim for dem, and perduim for perdam, from duo and perduo, an cient forms of these verbs, are found, also, in prose in forms of prayers and imprecations; e. g., Cic., in Catil., i., 9, pro Deiot., 7. The same form has been preserved in the irregular verb volo, with its compounds, and in sum: velim, nolim, malim, and sim.

[§ 163.] 5. For the third person plural of the perfect active in erunt there is in all the conjugations another form, ere, which, indeed, does not occur at all in Nepos, and in the prose of Cicero very rarely (see Cic., Orat., 47, and my note on Cic., in Verr., i., 6), but is very frequently used by Sallust and later writers, especially by the historians Curtius and Tacitus. In the contracted forms of the perfect this termination cannot well be used, because the third person plural of the perfect would, in most cases, become the same as the infinitive; e. g., if we were to form amaverunt, amarunt, amare, or deleverunt, delerunt, delere.

The vowel e, in the uncontracted termination ērunt, is sometimes shortened by poets, as in Horace, Epist., i., 4,

* [Consult note or page120.]—Am. Ed.