the perfect densi is mentioned by the grammarians, and the existence of a supine is attested by the adjective den sus. [§ 178.] 2. Verbs which make the Perfect in si, but have no Supine. Algeo, alsi, algere, shiver with cold. um, The supine is wanting, but from it is derived the adjective alsus, a, cold. Fulgeo, fulsi, fulgere, shine, am bright. (Fulgĕre is poetical.) Turgeo, tursi (rare), swell, Urgeo or urgueo, ursi, press. 3. Verbs with the Perfect in si and the Supine in tum. Indulgeo, indulsi, indultum, indulge. Torqueo, torsi, tortum, twist. Compounds: contorqueo, twist together; distorqueo, twist away; extorqueo, wrest out or from. 4. Verbs with the Perfect in xi and the Supine in tum. Augeo, auxi, auctum, increase. Luceo, luxi, lucere, shine; has no supine. Lugeo, luxi, lugere, mourn; has no supine. Frigeo, frixi, frigere, am cold; has no supine. [§ 179.] 5. Verbs with the Perfect in i and the Supine in sum. Prandeo, prandi, pransum, dine. The participle pransus has an active signification: one who has dined. Sēdeo, sēdi, sessum, sit. Assideo (assides), sit by; desideo, sit down; circumsedeo or circumsideo, surround; insideo, sit upon; supersedeo, do without; possideo, possess; dissideo, dissent; praesideo, presíde; resideo, settle down. The last three have no supine. Video, vīdi, visum, see. Invideo (invides), envy, alicui; pervideo, see through; praevideo, foresee; provideo, provide. Strideo, strīdi, without supine. In poetry stridere. 6. Verbs with a Reduplication in the Perfect. Mordeo, momordi, morsum, bite. Pendeo, pependi, pensum, am suspended. Dependeo, depend, and impendeo, soar above, am impending, lose the reduplication. Spondeo, spospondi, sponsum, vow. Despondeo, despondi, promise; respondeo, respondi, answer, are likewise without the reduplication. Tondeo, totondi, tonsum, shear. The compounds lose the reduplication; as, attondeo, detondeo Caneo, am gray (canus). Cluco (also in the passive clueor, and after the third conjugation, cluo, cluere), am called, is obsolete. Flaveo, am yellow (flavus). Foeteo, stink (foetidus). Hebeo, am dull, stupid (hebes). Humeo, am damp (humidus). Liveo, am pale or envious (lividus). (Mineo) immineo, to be imminent, threatening. Prom neo, am prominent. Maereo, mourn (maestus). Polleo, am strong. Renideo, shine, smile. Scăteo, gush forth (Scatere in Lucretius). Squaleo, am dirty (squalidus). egeo, am gay (vegĕtus). Cieo, cière, is the same word as the rare and obsolete cio, cire, stir up; both make the perfect civi, according to the fourth conjugation; in the supine they differ in quantity, cieo making citum, and cio, cītum. Note. In the compounds, too, e. g., concieo, excieo, the forms of the second and fourth conjugation cannot be separated; but we must observe that, in the signification of "to call," the forms of the fourth are preferred, e. g., imperf. cibam, cirem; infinit. ciri; the participles concitus and excitus signify "excited;" whereas excitus means "called out." Percieo and incieo retain the signification of "to excite," hence percitus and incitus; but accire, to call towards, summon or invite (of which the present indicative does not occur), has only accitus. Derived from citum are: cito, quick; the frequentative citare, and hence excito, incito, and suscito. [§ 181.] 8. Semideponents. (See above, § 148.) Audeo, ausus sum, venture. (Partic. future ausurus.) The ancient future subjunctive (see § 162) ausim, ausis, ausit, ausını, is a remnant of the obsolete perfect ausi. The participle ausus and its compound inausus are used in poetical language with a passive signifi cation. Gaudeo, gavisus sum, rejoice. (Partic. fut. gavisurus.) Soleo, solitus sum, am accustomed (to do something). The impersonal compound assolet signifies "it usually happens." In the list of verbs of this conjugation it seems to be still more necessary than in the preceding one to include those verbs which, according to Chapter XL., form their perfect and supine regularly. We divide them into several classes according to the characteristic letter which precedes the o in the present, agreeably to the method which has long since been adopted in Greek grammars. [§ 182.] 1. Verbs which have a Vowel before o, including those in vo. The following have the Perfect and Supine regular : Acuo, acui, acutum, sharpen. Exacuo and peracuo, strengthen the meaning; praeacuo, sharpen at the end. Arguo, accuse, convict of (perf. passive in the latter sense usually convictus, from convincere). Argutus, as an adjective, signifies "clear." Coarguo, the same; redarguo, refute a charge. Imbuo, to dip, imbue. Induo, put on; exuo, strip off. Luo (participle luiturus), pay, atone for. Abluo and eluo, wash off; polluo, defile; diluo, refute, are derived from another luo (lavo), and all make the supine in lútum. Minuo, lessen. Comminuo, deminuo, diminuo, imminuo, strengthen the meaning. (Nuo, nod, does not occur; from it are formed) Abnuo, refuse; annuo, assent; innuo, allude, or refer to; renuo, decline; all of which have no supine; abnuo alone has a participle future, abnuiturus. Ruo (supine ruitum, ruiturus, at least is derived from it : rutum occurs only in compounds, and is otherwise obsolete), fall. Diruo, dirii, dirutum, destroy; obruo, overwhelm; proruo, rush forward. Corruo, fall down; and irruo, rush on, have no supine. Spuo, spit. Conspuo, spit on; despuo, reject with disgust. Statuo, establish. Constituo and instituo, institute; restituo, re-establish; substituo, es tablish instead of; destituo, abandon. Sternuo, sneeze (without supine); the frequentative ster· nūto is more commonly used. Suo, sew. Consuo, sew together; dissuo and resuo, unsew. Tribuo, allot to. Attribuo, the same; distribuo, divide; contribuo, contribute. Solvo, solvi, solutum, loosen. Absolno, acquit; dissolvo, dissolve; exsolvo, release; persolvo, pay. Volvo, roll (frequentative voluto). volvo, unroll; involvo, roll up; pervolvo, read through. The following are without a Supine: Congruo, congrui, agree, and ingruo, penetrate. The simple verb (gruo or ruo?) does not exist. Metuo, metui, fear. (Timeo, likewise without supine.) So Priscian. But metutum occurs in Lucret., v., 1139. Pluo, pluvi, usually impersonal, it rains. Priscian knows only the perfect plui, which often occurs in Livy. Charisius mentions pluxi. Impluvi or implui are doubtful. The comp. compluo and perpluo do not occur in the per fect. The following are irregular: [§ 183.] Capio, cepi, captum, capere, take hold of. The compounds change ă into i, and in the supine á into e, except antecapio. Accipio, receive; excipio, receive as a guest, succeed; recipio, recover; suscipio, undertake; decipio, deceive; percipio, comprehend; praecipio, give a precept. Făcio, feci, factum, do, make. Arefacio, dry up; assuefacio and consuefacio, accustom; calefacio and tepefacio, warm; frigefacio, cool; labefacio, make to totter; patefacio, open; satisfacio, satisfy. These have, in the passive, -fio, -factus sum, -fieri. But those which change a into i form their own passive in -ficior, and make the supine in -fectum: afficio, affect; conficio and perficio, complete; deficio, fall off, am wanting; interficio, kill; proficio, make prog ress; reficio, revive, repair; officio, stand in the way, injure. Confit, confieri, however, is used as a passive of conficio, but only in the third person, and not by Cicero. Defit, it is wanting, is common in the comic writers. Other compounds of facio follow the first conjugation: amplifico, sacrifico, and the deponents gratificor, ludificor. Jacio, jeci, jactum, throw. The compounds change à into, and in the supine into e, except superjacio, of which, however, superjectum also is found. Abjicio, throw away; adjicio, add; dejicio, throw down; ejicio, throw out; injicio, throw in; objicio, throw against; rejicio, throw back; transjicio or trajicio, throw or carry across. These compounds are sometimes found withi instead of ji: abicere, inicere, reicere (in the last ei is a diphthong in Virg., Ecl., iii, 96: a flumine reice capellas); and this pronunciation was with the ancients much more frequent, or, perhaps, the common one, for in MSS. it is written so almost everywhere; and Priscian mentions a form icio as synonymous with jacio. No certain conclusion, however, can be come to, as the most ancient MSS., such as the Codex Mediceus of Virgil, have a simple i where the length of the preceding syllable shows the existence of the consonant j. [§ 184.] The following have x in the Perfect: (From the obsolete lacio, entice, of which lacto is the frequentative), allicio, exi, ectum, allure; illicio, entice in; pellicio, lead astray; but elicio makes elicui, elicitum, draw out. (From specio, xi, ctum, see, of which the frequentative is specto), aspicio, exi, ectum, look on; conspicio, the same; despicio, look down, despise; dispicio and perspicio, understand; inspicio, look into; respicio, look back; suspicio, look up, reverence. Fluo, fluxi, fluctum, flow. Affluo, flow in; confluo, flow together; effluo, flow out; interfluo, flow between. Struo, struxi, structum, build, pile. Construo and exstruo, build up; destruo, pull down; instruo, set in order. Vivo, vixi, victum, live. [§ 185.] Other Irregularities. Fodio, fodi, fossum, dig. Effodio, dig out; confodio and perfodio, dig, pierce through; suffodio, undermine. Fugio, fugi, fugitum, flee. Aufugio and effugio, flee away, escape; confugio and perfugio, take refuge. Cupio, -ivi, -itum, desire. Discupio, percupio, strengthen the meaning. Concupio only in the participle concupiens, otherwise concupisco. Rapio, rapui, raptum, rob, snatch. Arripio, arripui, arreptum, seize; abripio and eripio, snatch away; deripio, plunder; surripio, steal clandestinely. Părio, peperi, partum, bring forth. (But the particip. fut. act. pariturus.) Lucretius has pariri. Quatio (quassi is not found), quassum, shake. Concutio, ussi, ussum, shake violently; discutio, shake asunder; excutio, shake out, off (fig. examine); incutio, drive into; percutio, strike; repercutio, rebound. Săpio, ivi and ui (no supine), am wise. Desipio (without perfect), am foolish; resipio, have a taste of, or become wise again. (From the obsolete present coepio), coepi and coeptus sum, coeptum (coepere), have begun. See § 221. |