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CHAPTER XLVII.

[§ 186.] 2. VERBS IN "DO" AND "TO.”

The following are regular:

Claudo, clausi, clausum, claudere, close.

Concludo, shut up, conclude; excludo and secludo, shut out, includo, shut in, are all derived from a form cludo which is still in use. Divido, divisi, divisum, divide.

Laedo, injure.

Allido, strike against; illido, strike upon; collido, strike together, elido, strike out.

Ludo, sport.

Colludo, play with; allūdo, play upon; eludo, deludo, and illudo, ridicule.

Plaudo, si, sum, clap.

Applaudo, applaud. The other compounds (with a different pronunciation) have ōdo, -ōsi, -ōsum; as, explodo, explode; complodo, clap the hands; supplodo, stamp with the feet.

Rado, shave, scrape; so in abrado, circumrado, derado, erado; corrado, scrape together.

Rōdo, gnaw.

Abrodo and derodo, gnaw off; arrodo, nibble; circumrodo, nibble all round; perrodo, gnaw through.

Trūdo, thrust, with its compounds; detrudo, thrust down; extrudo, thrust out; protrudo, thrust forward. Vado (no perfect or supine), go.

But evado, evasi, evasum, escape; invado, attack; pervado, go through. [§ 187.] The following are irregular:

(a) With a Reduplication in the Perfect.

Cădo, cecidi, casum, fall.

Of the compounds, these have a supine: incido, incidi, incasum, fall in or upon; occido, set; recido, fall back. The rest have none: concido, sink together; decido, fall down; excido, fall out of; accidit, it happens (used most commonly of a misfortune).

Caedo, cecidi, caesum, cut.

Abscido, abscidi, abscisum, cut off; concido, cut to pieces; incido, cut into; occido, kill; recido, cut away. So decido, excido, praecido, and

others.

Pedo, pepēdi (peditum), πépôɛolai.

Pendo, pependi, pensum, weigh.

Appendo, appendi, appensum, weigh out to; expendo, spend, also con sider, like perpendo; suspendo, hang from; dependo, pay; impendo, omploy upon or in something. See § 179.

Tendo, tetendi, tensum and tentum, stretch.

Extendo, ostendo, protendo, and retendo have both supines; but ex- and protentum are more frequent; but ostensum. Retentus is found only in Ovid, Metam., iii., 166, retensus only in Phaedrus, iii., 14, 5. Detendo has detensus, in Caes., B. C., iii., 85: this participle does not elsewhere occur. The other compounds have only tum in the supine: attendo (sc. animum), attend; contendo (sc. me), strive; distendo, separate, or enlarge by stretching; intendo, strain; obtendo and praetendo, commonly used in the figurative sense of alleging; subtendo, stretch beneath.

Tundo, tutŭdi, tunsum and tūsum, beat, pound.

The compounds have only tusum; contundo, contŭdi, contusum, pound small; extundo (figurative), elaborate; obtundo and retundo, blunt. Credo, credidi, creditum, believe.

Accredo, accredidi, give credit to.

The compounds of do, except those mentioned in § 171.

Condo, condidi, conditum, build, conceal; abdo, abdidi, hide. So addo, add; dedo, give up; edo, give out, publish; perdo, ruin, lose; reddo, give back, render, with an adjective of quality; trado, deliver; vendo, sell. (The passive vendi, except the participles venditus and vendendus, is rare, and occurs only in late writers; venire is used instead. See $215. But abcondo appears in the perfect more frequently without the reduplication, abscondi, than with it, abscondidi.)

[§ 188.] (b) Making di in the Perfect, and sum in the Supine.

Accendo, incendo, succendo, -cendi, -censum, light, kindle. Cudo, forge.

Excudo and procūdo, fashion, hammer out. Defendo, defend, ward off.

Edo, eat.

See § 212.

Exědo and comedo, -ēdi, -ēsum (but also comestus), consume. Ibid. Mando (perfect very rare), chew.

Offendo, offend.

Prehendo, seize; in early times frequently contracted into prendo.

Apprehendo, comprehendo, lay hold of (figurative), understand; deprehendo, detect, seize in the fact; reprehendo, blame.

Scando, climb.

Ascendo and escendo, climb up; descendo, descend; conscendo and inscendo, mount, embark.

Strido (also strideo), strīdi (no supine), grate, make a harsh noise.

Fundo, fudi, fusum, pour.

Diffundo, pour out, spread abroad; offundo, pour over ; profundo, waste; affundo, confundo, effundo, infundo.

[§ 189.] (c) Other Irregularities, especially that of a double s in the Supine.

Cedo, cessi, cessum, yield, go.

Abscedo, go away; accedo, go to; antecedo, surpass; concedo, give way; decedo, go away; discedo, separate myself; excedo, go out; incedo, march;

intercedo, come between, interpose; recedo, retreat; succedo, come into one's place.

Findo, fidi, fissum, split.

Diffindo, diffidi, split asunder.

Scindo, scidi, scissum, cut.

Conscindo, conscidi, conscissum, tear to pieces; e. g., vestem, epistolam; discindo, interscindo (e. g., pontem), perscindo, and proscindo have similar meanings. Rescindo, annul. Respecting the forms of abscindo, cut off, and exscindo, destroy, there is considerable doubt. According to Gronovius on Livy, xliv., 5, and Drakenborch on Silius Ital., xv., 473, two analogous formations are now generally distinguished: abscindo, abscidi, abscissum, and exscindo, exscidi, exscissum; and abscissum and excissum are said to occur where the present is abscindo, exscindo; but abscisum and excisum where abscido and excido are derived from caedo. But this supposition is contradicted by usage; for we find, e. g., urbes excise, although exscindere urbem is a frequent expression; and all the MSS. of Horace, Serm., ii., 3, 303, have caput abscisum, although we may say abscindere caput. In short, our opinion is, that the forms abscissum and exscissum do not exist at all, because in pronunciation they are the same as abscisum and excisum, from abscidere and excidere, whose signification is not very different; and, moreover, that the perfect exscidi, also, is not founded on any authority, since the s by which it is distinguished is not heard in pronunciation, and is better not introduced in writing. Respecting the pronunciation and orthography, see § 6, and Chap. LXVI. Thus there remain only abscindo, abscidi, abscindere, and excindo, excindere. Frendo (the perfect does not occur), fressum and fresum, gnash with the teeth; also frendeo, frendere.

Měto, messui, messum, cut, reap.

Deměto, cut off. The perfects messui and demessui are not common; in the sense of reaping, messem feci is more commonly used. Mitto, misi, missum, send.

Admitto, admit, commit; amitto, lose; committo, intrust, commit a fault; demitto and dimitto, dismiss; emitto, send forth; immitto, send in, against; intermitto, omit; omitto and praetermitto, leave out; permitto, permit; promitto, promise; remitto, send back; submitto, send up, send aid.

Pando, pandi, passum (pansum rare), spread abroad.
Expando has expansum and expassum; dispando only dispansum.
Pěto, petīvi (in poetry, especially in compounds, petii),
petitum, ask, seek.

Appěto and expěto, strive for; oppeto, encounter; repeto, repeat, seek again; competo, meet together, correspond.

Sido (the perfect and supine usually from sedeo), sit down.

The compounds, too, usually take the perfect and supine from sedeo: consido, consēdi, consessum; so assido, seat myself beside; subsido, sink; insido, sit upon; desido and resido, seat myself down. But the form sidi cannot be entirely denied, either in the simple verb or its compounds. Sisto, stiti (obsolete), stătum, stop (whence status), but sisto, in a neutral sense, makes the perfect and supine from stare.

The compounds are all intransitive, and have stīti, stītum; subsisto, substiti, substitum, stand still; absisto (no supine) and desisto, desist; as sisto, place myself beside; consisto, halt, consist; existo, come forth

(perf. exist); insisto, tread upon; obsisto and resisto, resist; persisto, persist. Those compounded with dissyllabic prepositions may make the perfect in steti, e. ğ., circumstěti in Suet., Caes., 82; Tacit., Ann., xiii., 52. Sterto, stertui (no supine), snore; the perf. sterti rests on the authority of the old reading in Öv., Her., viii., 21. Verto, verti, versum, turn.

Adverto and converto, turn towards; animadverto (animum adverto), turn attention to; averto, turn from; everto, destroy; perverto and subverto, overturn.

Deverto, turn in to a house of entertainment; praeverto, anticipate · and reverto, turn back; are used in the present, imperfect, and future as deponents more commonly than as actives.

Fido, fisus sum, fidere, trust.

So confido, confide; diffido, distrust; which have rarely confidi, diffi. di, in the perfect.

CHAPTER XLVIII.

[§ 190.] 3. VERBS IN "BO” AND “PO.”

Regular are:

Glubo (glupsi), gluptum, (at least, degluptum is found), glubere, peel.

Nubo, cover, am married (applied only to the female), participle nupta, one who is married.

Obnubo, cover over.

Scribo, write.

Describo, copy; adscribo, inscribo, praescribo, &c.

Carpo, pluck.

Concerpo and discerpo, tear asunder; decerpo, gather.

Repo, creep.

Arrepo, creep up to; irrepo, obrepo, subrepo, prorepo.

Scalpo, grave with a pointed tool, or scratch with the fin

ger.

Sculpo, work with the chisel.

Exculpo, cut out; insculpo, engrave.

Serpo, creep. The supine has not yet been found.

Inserpo, proserpo.

[§ 191.] The following are irregular: The compounds of cubare, to lie, which take an m with a change of meaning; those which do not change the simple cubare denote "to lie;" the compounds of the 3d Conjugation commonly signify "to lay one's self down.” Accumbo, -cubui, -cubitum, recline at table; incumbo, lean upon, apply to something; procumbo, lie down; succumbo, fall under; occumbo (suppl. mortem), die.

Bibo, bibi, bibitum, drink.

Ebibo, imbibo.

Lambo, lambi (lambitum, Priscian), lambere, lick.
Rumpo, rūpi, ruptum, break, tear.

Abrumpo, break off; erumpo, break out; corrumpo, destroy; interrumpo, interrupt; irrumpo, break in; perrumpo, break through; prorumpo, break forth.

Scabo, scabi, scabere, scratch with the finger.
Strepo, strepui, strepitum, make a noise.

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CHAPTER XLIX.

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[§ 192.] 4. VERBS WITH A PALATAL LETTER, “G, C, CT, H, QU," AND GU (IN WHICH "U" IS NOT CONSIDERED AS A VOWEL), BEFORE 0."

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Regular are:

Cingo, cinxi, cinctum, cingere, gird, surround.

Accingo, in the passive, or me, has the same meaning; discingo, ungird,

and others.

From fligo, which rarely occurs, are formed:

Affligo, strike to the ground; confligo, fight; infligo, strike upon. Pro fligo belongs to the first conjugation.

Frigo (supine regular, frictum, rarely frixum), roast, parch.

Jungo, join.

Adjungo and conjungo, join to, with; disjungo and sejungo, separate; subjungo, annex.

Lingo, lick. (Hence ligūrio or ligurrio.)
Mungo, blow the nose (rare); emungo.

Plango, beat, lament.

Rego, rule, guide.

Arrigo, arrexi, arrectum, and erigo, raise on high; corrigo, amend; dirigo, direct; porrigo, stretch out. Pergo (for perrigo), perrexi, perrectum, go on; surgo (for surrigo), surrexi, surrectum, rise; and hence assurgo, consurgo, exurgo, insurgo.

Sugo, suck, exugo.

Těgo, cover.

Contego and obtego, cover up; detego and retego, uncover; protego, pro

tect.

Tingo or tinguo, dip, dye.

Ungo or unguo, anoint.

Perungo strengthens the meaning; inungo, anoint.

Stinguo, put out (has no perfect or supine, and is of rare occurrence).

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