Aperio, ui, rtum, aperire, open.

So operio and cooperio, cover. But comperio makes compĕri, compertum, comperire (is used in the present and infinitive, also as a deponent, comperior, comperiri), experience, and reperio, repĕri (or repperi), repertum, find. Ferio-ferire, strike. (In the active percussi is used as a perfect, and in the passive ictus sum.) Ferocio ferocire, am wild or insolent. Visio-visire, ẞdéw.

Punio, punish, is regular, but is sometimes used by Cicero as a deponent, de Off., i., 25, punitur: Tuscul., i., 44, puniantur: Philip., viii., 3, puniretur: p. Milon., 13, punitus es: de Invent., ii., 27, punitus sis.

CHAPTER LIV.

LIST OF DEPONENT VERBS.*+

[§ 207.] DEPONENT VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION.

*Altercor, quarrel.

dote, talk idly.

Cauponor, deal, retail.

Alucinor, (also alluc. and halluc.), Causor, allege.

Amplexor, embrace.
Ancillor, am a handmaid.
Apricor, sun myself.

Aquor, fetch water; frumentor, col-
lect corn; lignor, collect wood;
materior,fell timber; pabulor,forage.
Arbitror, think.

Architector, build (amarchitectus).
Argumentor, prove.

Argütor, chatter, am argutus.

Aspernor, despise.

Assentor, agree, flatter.

Auctionor, sell at auction.

Aucupor, catch birds, am auceps.
Aversor, dislike, avoid with horror.
Auguror (augur),

*Auspicor (auspex), practise sooth

Hariolor (hariolus),

Vaticinor (vates),

saying.

* The words to which an asterisk is prefixed are used also as actives, but better as deponents. Some deponents have been omitted in the list, which are either of very rare occurrence or more commonly used as ac tives. Respecting the latter, see the note at the end.

t[The Latin deponents are in fact middle verbs, the active voices of which have passed out of use. Many of these old actives may be found in the fragments of the early writers; as, for example, Ennius. What are called common verbs are, in fact, nothing more than verbs which have the middle and passive voice, each more or less in use, but have lost the active.]-Am. Ed.

Graecor, live in the Greek style, that Osculor, kiss.

Luctor, strive, wrestle (obluctor and Recordor, remember.

Note. We must here notice some verbs which are commonly used as actives, but by some writers, and of good authority, as deponents also. Such are: communicor, commurmuror (Cic., in Pis., 25), fluctuor, fruticor (Cic.), lacrimor, luxurior, nictor. Velificor, in the figurative sense of striving after, is used by Cicero as a deponent, but in the primary sense of "sailing" it is much more usually active. Adulor, arbitror, criminor, and more especially dignor, are used by Cicero as passives, as well as deponents, throughout, and not merely in the participle, as is the case with many others. See the Chapter on the Participle, in the Syntax.

CHAPTER LV.

[§ 208.] DEPONENTS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. Fateor, fassus sum, fateri, acknowledge.

Confiteor, confessus sum, the same, but usually, confess a crime; profiteor, profess; diffiteor (no participle), deny.

Liceor, licitus sum, with the accus., bid at an auction.
Polliceor, promise.

Mědeor, without a participle, for which medicatus, from medicari, is commonly used.

*Mereor, meritus sum, deserve. The active is used in the sense of serving or earning, as merere stipendia; but the forms are not kept distinct.

Commereor, demereor, promereor, have the same meaning.

Misereor, miseritus or misertus sum, pity.

Respecting the impersonal verb miseret or miseretur me, see § 225.

Reor, ratus sum, reri, think.

Tueor, tuitus sum, look upon, fig. defend.

Contueor, intueor, look upon. There was an old form tuor, after the third conjugation, of which examples are found in the comic writers and in Lucretius; and in Nep., Chabr., 1, 3, intuuntur is found for the common intuentur. The adject. tutus is derived from the form tuor. Vereor, veritus sum, fear.

Revereor, reverence; subvereor, slightly fear.

CHAPTER LVI.

[$209.] DEPONENTS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. FROM the obsolete apiscor, aptus sum, apisci, are derived: Adipiscor, adeptus sum, and indipiscor, obtain.

Expergiscor, experrectus sum, expergisci, awake.

The verb expergefacere signifies to awaken, whence expergefactus, awakened. Expergo, with its participle expergitus, is obsolete.

Fruor, fructus and fruitus sum, frui, enjoy. (Particip. fruiturus).

Perfruor, perfructus sum, strengthens the meaning. Fungor, functus sum, fungi, perform, discharge. Defungor, perfungor, completely discharge, finish.

Gradior, gressus sum, grădi, proceed.

Aggredior, aggressus sum, aggredi, assail; congredior, meet; digredior, depart; egredior, go out of; ingredior, enter on; progredior, advance; regredior, return.

Irascor, irasci, properly an inchoative, grow angry; iratus sum means only, I am angry. I have been or was angry may be expressed by succensui.

Labor, lapsus sum, labi, fall.

Collabor, sink together; dilābor, fall in pieces; prolabor, fall down; delabor, relabor.

Loquor, locutus sum, loqui, speak.

Alloquor, address; colloquor, speak with; eloquor, interloquor; obloquor, speak against, revile.

(From the obsolete miniscor),

Comminiscor, commentus sum, comminisci, devise, imagine (the participle commentus usually in a passive sense, feigned); reminiscor, reminisci, has no perfect; recordatus sum is used instead of it.

Morior, mortuus sum (participle future, moriturus), mori, die (moriri is obsolete, but still occurs in Ovid, Metam., xiv., 215).

Emorior, commorior, demorior.

Nanciscor, nactus sum, nancisci, obtain. The participle is also found written nanctus, as in many passages of Livy.

Nascor, natus sum, nasci (nasciturus only in late writers), am born; passive in sense, but without an active. Ít was originally gnascor, and the g reappears in agnatus,

cognatus.

Enascor, innascor, renascor.

Nitor, nisus or nixus sum, nīti, lean upon, strive.

Adnitor, strive for; connitor and enitor, exert myself; in the sense of "bring forth," or "give birth," enixa est is preferable; obnitor, strive against.

Obliviscor, oblitus sum, oblivisci, forget.

Paciscor, pactus sum (or pepigi), make a bargain.

Comp. compaciscor, depaciscor, or compeciscor and depeciscor, compactus, depactus sum, whence the adverb compacto or compecto for ex or de compac to, according to contract."

Pascor, pastus sum, feed; intransitive. Properly the passive of pasco, pavi, pastum, give food; see above, Chap.

LI.

Patior, passus sum, păti, suffer.

Perpetior, perpessus sum, perpěti, endure.

(From plecto, twine),

Amplector and complector, complexus sum, embrace. Proficiscor, profectus sum, proficisci, travel. Queror, questus sum, queri, complain.

Conqueror, lament.

Ringor, ringi, grin, show the teeth, whence rictus.
Sequor, secutus sum, sequi, follow.

Assequor and consequor, overtake, attain; exequor, execute; insequor, follow; obsequor, comply with; persequor, pursue; prosequor, attend; subsequor, follow close after.

Vehor, see § 192.

Vescor, vesci, eat.

Edi is used as the perfect.

Ulciscor, ultus sum, ulcisci, revenge, punish.

Utor, usus sum, ūti, use.

Abūtor, abuse; deutor only in Nepos, Eum., 11.

Devertor, praevertor, and revertor, see under verto. They take their perfects from the active form: reverti, reverteram, revertissem; only the participle reversus is used in an active sense, one who has returned.

Reversus sum for reverti is very rare, but occurs in Nep., Them., 5; Vell., ii., 42; Quintil., vii., 8, 2; xi., 2, 17, and other less classic authors, but never in Cicero.

CHAPTER LVII.

[§ 210.] DEPONENTS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION.

Assentior, assensus sum, assentiri, assent. (As an active,

assentio, assensi, assensum, assentire, it is not so common; see above, § 206.)

Blandior, blanditus sum, blandiri, flatter.

Experior, expertus sum, experiri, experience, try.

Comperior, am informed, is used only in the present tense, along with comperio; the perfect, therefore, is comperi.

Largior, largitus sum, largiri, give money; dilargio, distribute money.