studiis laboribusque viventi non intelligitur, quando obrepat senectus; ad Att., 16, in ea praesertim epistola, quam nolo aliis legi, probably for ab aliis. doubt whether there are any other passages in Cicero, for the phrase mihi probatur is of a different kind, since probo tibi is of quite common occurrence in the sense of "I make a thing plausible to thee." [§ 420.] 7. Esse with the dative of a person expresses the English "to have;" e. g., sunt mihi multi libri, I have many books, the same as habeo multos libros. Homini cum deo similitudo est, Cic., de Leg., i., 8. Note.-We must here notice a Grecism which occurs in Sallust and Tacitus aliquid mihi volenti est, I like a thing. Sallust, Jug., 84, quia neque plebi militia volenti (esse) putabatur; Tacit., Agr., 18, quibus bellum volentibus erat; Ann., i., 59, ut quibusque bellum invitis aut cupientibus erat, as in Greek Touтó μo Bovλoμévy koτív. Comp. Tac., Hist., iii., 43; Ann., XV., 36. Abest and deest mihi, as opposed to est mihi, therefore mean "I have not ;" as in Cic., Brut., 80, Hoc unum illi, si nihil utilitatis habebat, abfuit, si opus erat, defuit; de Leg., i., 2, abest enim historia litteris nostris. [§ 421.] Hence mihi est nomen or cognomen (also cognomentum, and in Tacitus vocabulum) signifies "I have a name," that is, “ my name is," or "I am called." The name itself is put either in the nominative or the dative, being attracted by the dative of the person. Syracusis est fons aquae dulcis, cui nomen Arethusa est, Cic., in Verr., iv., 53. Consules leges decemvirales, quibus tabulis duodecim est nomen, in aes incisas, in publico proposuerunt, Liv., iii., 57. Note. The same is the case with the (passive) expressions datum, inditum, factum est nomen; e. g., Tarquinius, cui cognomen Superbo ex moribus datum. The name itself is commonly put in the dative, also, with the active verbs dare, addere, indere, dicere, ponere, imponere, tribuere alicui nomen; e. g., dare alicui cognomen tardo ac pingui; desipiunt omnes aeque ac tu, qui tibi nomen insano posuere, Horat.; but it may also be put in the same case as nomen, that is, in the accusative; as in Livy, stirps virilis, cui Ascanium parentes dixere nomen, and in the edict of the censors in Suetonius, de Clar. Rhet. 1, eos sibi nomen imposuisse Latinos rhetores. The nominative in Ovid, Met., i., 169, (via) lactea nomen habet, and xv., 96, (aetas) cui feci mus aurea nomen, is a purely poetical license, where the names are taken, ungrammatically, as mere sounds. The name may be expressed, also, by the genitive, according to the gen eral rule, that of two substantives joined to each other, one is put in the genitive; e. g., Plaut., Amphitr. Prol., 19, nomen Mercurii est mihi; in prose, Vell. Pat., i., 11, Q. Metellus praetor, cui ex virtute Macedonici nomen inditum erat; and ii., 11, Q. Metello meritum virtute cognomen Numidici inditum est. But this is not the ordinary practice in the case of real proper names, and the dative must be regarded as the proper Latin case. See Ruhnken on Vell. Pat., ii., 11. [§ 422.] 8. With the verbs esse, dare, mittere and venire, and others of the same meaning, besides the dative of the person, another is used to express the purpose, intention, and destination. Dare belongs to this class both in its sense of "to give" and in that of "to put to one's account." The following verbs have a similar meaning: apponere, ducere, habere, tribuere, and vertere. Esse, in this respect, is equivalent to the English "to do," in "it does him honour," and the passives fieri, dari, duci, haberi, tribui, verti, have a similar meaning. Proficisci is sometimes construed like ve nire. Virtutes hominibus decori gloriaeque sunt, Seneca. Attalus, Asiae rex, regnum suum Romanis dono dedit. Mille Plataeenses Atheniensibus adversus Persas auxilio venerunt. Quid in Graeco sermone tam tritum atque celebratum est, quam si quis despicatui ducitur, ut Mysorum ultimus esse dicatur? Cic., p. Flacc., 27. Note.-There is a great variety of datives of this kind; e. g., dono aliquid muneri, praemio; relinquo milites auxilio, subsidio, praesidio, custodiae; tribuitur or datur mihi vitio, crimini, odio, probro, opprobrio, laudi, saluti, utilitati, emolumento, &c. The phrase cui bono fuit? signifies "to whom was it an advantage?" We must especially notice such datives as esui, usui, quaestui, derisui, cordi, curae aliquid est, and also canere receptui, to sound a retreat; doti dico, I set aside as a dowry; appono pignori, I pawn. Instead of hoc argumento est, we may also say hoc argumentum, documentum, indicium est; and with dare and similar verbs we may also use the accusative in apposition; e. g., Liv., ii., 22, Latini coronam auream Jovi donum in Capitolium mittunt. Sometimes, also, the prepositions in or ad may be used; e. g., reliquit ibi exercitum ad praesidium, gloriam mihi in crimen vertis. CHAPTER LXXIII. GENITIVE CASE. [§ 423.] 1. WHEN two substantives are united with each other so as to form the expression of one idea, one of them is in the genitive; but if one of the substantives serves to explain or define the other, they are said to be in apposition to each other, and both are in the same case. This genitive, dependant upon a substantive, is in Latin of a double kind, according as it expresses either the subject or the object. The genitive is subjective when it denotes that which does something or to which a thing belongs; e. g., hominum facta, liber pueri: it is objective when it denotes that which is affected by the action or feeling spoken of. This objective genitive is used very extensively in Latin, for it is not only joined with those substantives C c which are derived from verbs governing the accusative— e. g., expugnatio urbis, the taking of the town; indagatio veri, the investigation of truth; scientia linguae, the knowledge of a language; amor patriae, the love of one's country; cupiditas pecuniae, desire for money; cura rerum alienarum, care of other men's affairs; odium hominum, hatred against men-but with those, also, the corresponding verb of which requires either a different case, or a preposition; e. g., taedium laboris, disgust for work; fiducia virium suarum, confidence in his own strength; contentio honorum, a contest for honours; incitamentum periculorum, cognitio orbis terrarum omniumque gentium, &c. Nuper Gn. Domitium scimus M. Silano, consulari homini, diem dixisse propter unius hominis, Aegritomari, paterni amici atque hospitis, injurias, Cic., Divin., 20. Est autem amicitia nihil aliud, nisi omnium divinarum humanarumque rerum cum benivolentia et caritate summa consensio, Cic., Lael., 6. Initium et causa belli (civilis) inexplebilis honorum Marii fames, Flor., iii., 21. Note 1.-Something analogous to the Latin subjective and objective genitive occurs in English in such expressions as "God's love," that is, the love which God shows to men; and the "love of God," that is, the love which men bear to God. The Latin language having no such means of distinguishing, is frequently ambiguous; e. g., fuga hominum may be either "the escape from men," or, "the flight" or "escape of men," and in all such combinations as metus hostium, injuria mulierum, judicium Verris, triumphus Boiorum, opinio deorum, the genitive may be either subjective (active) or objective (passive), but the context generally shows what is meant, as in sine metu hostium esse, magnus incesserat timor sagittarum, ex injuria mulierum Sabinarum bellum ortum est; Empedocles in deorum opinione turpissime labitur, Cic., de Nat. Deor., i., 12. But in case of any real ambiguity, a preposition may be used in Latin instead of the genitive; e. g., ex injuria in or adversus mulieres, in opinione de dus. This is the case especially with substantives denoting a disposition, either friendly or hostile towards anything; e. g., amor (animus) meus erga te, odium (ira) adversus Carthaginienses, bellum in Romanos, conspiratio contra dignitatem tuam; triumphus de Gallis, judicium de te meum, liber de philosophia, in libro quinto de natura deorum. In general, however, a preposition is much more rarely used in joining two substantives, and it is a part of the conciseness of the Latin language to express the relation of the genitive, if possible, by the genitive itself. This, however, is impossible, for instance, when a place whence? or whither? is mentioned; e. g., transmissus (the passage) ex Gallia in Britanniam, reditus in coelum, iter ex Italia in Macedoniam. Sometimes the two kinds of construction are combined: Cic., de Off., i., 28, Adhibenda est igitur quaedam reverentia adversus homines et optimi cujusque et reliquorum. (See our note on this passage.) Sometimes even a subjective and an objecfive genitive are found by the side of each other,* as in Cic., de Off., i., * [Compare Weissenborn, Lat. Schulgr., § 216, Anm. 3, where other examples are also given.]—Am. Ed. 14, L. Sullae et C. Caesaris pecuniarum translatio a justis dominis ad alienos non debet liberalis videri; ad Fam., X., 3, orbitas reipublicae talium virorum ; in Verr., v., 50, nihil est quod multorum naufragia fortunae colligas; Caes., Bell. Gall., i., 30, pro veteribus Helvetiorum injuriis populi Romani; i. e., which the Helvetians had done to the Roman people. Comp. Synt. ornat., § 791. [ 424.] Note 2.-As a personal pronoun supplies the place of a substantive, its genitive generally with an objective meaning may be joined with a substantive; e. g., vestri causam gero, I take care of you; misericordiam nostri habe, have pity upon us, especially with verbal substantives ending in or, ix, and io; e. g., Cicero, misit filium non solum sui deprecatorem, sed etiam accusatorem mei; nimia aestimatio sui; valet ad commendationem tui; milites ad deditionem sui incitare; rationem et sui et aliorum habere. The place of the subjective genitive of personal pronouns is supplied by the possessive pronouns, whence we do not say liber mei, but liber meus. Sometimes, however, the genitive of personal pronouns has a subjective meaning, as in Curtius, iv., 45, ad Cyrum nobilissimum regem originem sui referens, and vi., 32, conspectus vestri venerabilis (see the comment. on Caes., Bell. Gall., i., 4); and sometimes, on the other hand, a possessive pronoun not unfrequently takes the place of an objective genitive, and that not only when joined with verbal substantives in or and ix, e. g., ipse suus fuit accusator, terra altrix nostra, but in other cases, also; as, invidia tua, envy of thee; fiducia tua, confidence in thee; familiaritas tua, friendship for thee; spes mea, the hope placed in me (Tac., Ann., ii., 71); amori nostro plusculum largiare, from love towards us; noluit rationem habere suam, that notice was taken of him; non sua solum ratio habenda est, sed etiam aliorum, Cic., de Off., i., 39. This is especially frequent in connexion with the substantive injuriae, e. g., injurias meas, tuas, persequor, ulciscor, that is, the wrong done to me, thee. The peculiar expressions mea, tua, sua, nostrā, vestrā, causā, for my, thy, his, &c., sake, must be especially noticed, for the genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, are never used in this connexion with causa. Sometimes the genitive of the person implied in such an adjective pronoun is added, as in tuum hominis simplicis pectus vidimus; juravi rempublicam mea unius opera esse salvam; tot homines meă solius solliciti sunt causa; ad tuam ipsius amicitiam aditum habuit; vestra ipsorum causa hoc feci. The genitive of a participle in this connexion occurs only in poetry,* as in Horat., Serm., i., 4, 23, quum mea nemo scripta legat, vulgo recitare timentis. See Heindorf's note on this passage. [425.] Note 3.-The immediate connexion between two substantives, which is expressed by the genitive of the substantive dependant upon the other, is entirely different from the juxtaposition of two substantives in apposition to each other. But there are cases where the construction of the genitive is preferred, although the substantives are, in reality, in apposition. This is the case especially with vox, nomen, verbum, and similar words, to which the name itself is joined in the genitive; e. g., Cic., de Fin., ii., 2, Epicurus non intelligit, quid sonet haec vox voluptatis, that is, this word pleasure; ii., 24, ex amore nomen amicitiae ductum est, i. e., the word amicitia; Sueton., Aug., 53, domini appellationem semper exhorruit. This is regularly done when the genus is defined by the species, as in arbor fici, a fig-tree; flos violae, a violet; virtus continentiae, the virtue of abstinence; vitium ignorantiae, the defect called ignorance; familia Scipionum, the family of the Scipios; and also in geographical names; as, oppidum Antiochiae, promontorium Miseni, in which case, however, it is more usual to put the name in apposition in the same case as the generic term. There are some other cases in which one substantive intended as an explanation of another is put in the genitive, instead of the case of the word to be explained (genitivus epexegeticus); e. g., Curt., viii., 35, Nocturnum frigus vehementius quam alias horrore corpora affecit, opportunumque remedium ignis * [It occurs thus only before the time of the elder Pliny; after that pe riod it appears also in prose. (Orelli, ad Horat., l. c.)]—Am. Ed. oblatum est, i. e., a convenient remedy, viz., fire. Cicero frequently uses genus and causa in the same way; e. g., in Cat., ii., 8, unum genus est qui; de Leg. Agr., ii., 14, Duae sunt hujus obscuritatis causae, una pudoris, altera sceleris, the one is shame and the other malice; Philip., i., 11, nec erit justior in senatum non veniendi causa morbi, quam mortis; in Verr., iv., 51, omnia propter eam causam sceleris istius evenire videntur, for this reason, viz., his crime. Comp. de Off., ii., 5, collectis causis eluvionis, pestilentiae, &c., the other causes, inundation, plague, &c. The genitive of gerunds is used in the same way as that of substantives; e. g., Cic., Tusc., i., 36, Triste est nomen ipsum carendi, the very word to want is sad; Senec., ad Polyb., 29, Est magna felicitas in ipsa felicitate moriendi. In such cases the construc tion of apposition is very unusual in Latin; see, however, § 598. Q. Metellus Macedonicus, quum sex liberos relinqueret, undecim nepotes reliquit, nurus vero generosque et omnes, qui se patris appellatione salutarent, viginti septem, Plin., Hist. Nat., vii., 11. [§ 426.] 2. The genitive in the immediate connexion of two substantives also expresses the external condition or the internal nature of a thing; and if any of the tenses of esse, fieri, haberi, appears in such a combination, the genitive is not dependant upon these verbs, but must rather be explained by the omission of a substantive; as, homo and res. This, at the same time, constitutes the difference between the genitive of quality (genitivus qualitatis) and the ablative of quality with the verb esse. But as there is a special part of speech to express qualities, viz., the adjective, the quality can be expressed by a substantive only when this substantive itself is qualified by an adjective. We cannot say, for example, homo ingenii, a man of talent (which is expressed by homo ingeniosus), but we may say homo magni, summi, excellentis ingenii. Again, we cannot say homo annorum, but we may say homo viginti or quadraginta annorum.* We must notice, also, the genitive modi, which, joined with a pronoun, supplies the place of a pronoun of quality; e. g., cujusmodi libri, the same as quales libri, what kind of books; hujusmodi libri, that is, tales libri, such books. The genitive generis, which is used in the same sense, is less frequent. Athenienses belli duos duces deligunt, Periclem, spectatae virtutis virum, et Sophoclem, scriptorem tragoediarum, Justin, iii., 6. Titus facilitatis tantae fuit et liberalitatis, ut nemini quidquam negaret, Eutrop., vii., 21. Hamilcar secum in Hispaniam duxit filium Hannibalem annorum novem, Nep., Ham., 3. Spes unica populi Romani, L. Quinctius, trans Tiberim quattuor jugerum colebat agrum, Liv., iii., 26. * [Consult Crombie, Gymnas., vol. i., p. 133, 162.]—Am. Ed |