for pientiae, for sapientum; i., 46, princeps severitatis et munificentiae summus, omnium qui et severi et munifici sint. Comp. § 470. We must notice especially the use of the genitive animi (instead of the ablative), which occurs so frequently in late prose writers, and is joined with all adjectives. (See Ruhnken on Vell. Pat., ii., 93.) We thus find aeger, anxius, atrox, aversus caecus, captus, confidens, confusus, incertus, territus, validus, exiguus, ingens, modicus, immodicus, and nimius animi; and, owing to this frequent use of the genitive with adjectives, it is found also with verbs denoting anxiety; e. g., absurde facis, qui te angas animi; discrucior animi, and even in Cicero we find more than once ego quidem vehementer animi pendeo; it occurs more rarely with verbs denoting joy; as, recreabar animi.“ Note 2.-The adjectives plenus and inanis (full, empty), as well as fertilis and dives, may be construed also with the ablative ( 457, foll.), and with refertus (the participle of a verb denoting "to fill") the ablative is commonly used; plenus in the early prose is rarely joined with the ablative, but in later times frequently: Cicero, e. g., Philip., ii., 27, says, domus (Antonii) erat aleatoribus referta, plena ebriorum. We may use either case in jurisperitus and jureperitus, jurisconsultus and jureconsultus (abridged ICtus). Compos and expers are but rarely found with the ablative instead of the genit.; as, Liv., iii., 71, praeda ingenti compotem exercitum reducunt; Sallust, Cat., 33, omnes fama atque fortunis expertes sumus. Immunis (not partaking) is commonly joined with the genitive, but when used in the sense of "free from," it takes either ab or the simple ablat. (See § 468.) Conscius is construed with a genitive and a dative of the thing; e. g., Sallust, Cat., 25, caedis conscia fuerat; Cic., p. Coel., 21, huic facinori tanto mens tua conscia esse non debuit. The person who is conscious of a thing is always expressed by the dative; as, sibi conscium esse alicujus rei. [§ 438.] 7. The participles present active are joined with a genitive when they do not express a simple act or a momentary condition, but, like adjectives, a permanent quality or condition; hence most of them have degrees of comparison like real adjectives. The following list contains those most in use: amans, appetens, colens, fugiens, intelligens, metuens, negligens, observans, retinens, tolerans, patiens, impatiens, temperans, intemperans; e. g., amans patriae, Gracchi amantissimi plebis Romanae, apvetens laudis, sancti et religionum colentes, fugiens laboris, imminentium (futuri) intelligens, officii negligens, miles patiens or impatiens solis, pulveris, tempestatum. Epaminondas adeo fuit veritatis diligens, ut ne joco quidem mentiretur, Nep., Epam., 3. Romani semper appetentes gloriae praeter ceteras gentes atque avidi laudis fuerunt, Cic., p. Leg. Man., 3. Note.--The passage from Nepos shows that the participles admitting this construction are not limited to such as have the meaning of the adjectives mentioned above (§ 436), but they are used in this way throughout, provided they express a permanent quality; miles patiens frigus, for example, is a soldier who at a particular time bears the cold, but miles patiens frigoris is one who bears cold well at all times. Hence cupiens, efficiens, experiens, sciens, sitiens, timens, and a considerable number of others, are joined with a genitive. Some participles perfect passive have been mentioned in 436, as their number is very limited; and completus, expertus, inexper tus, invictus, and consultus may be classed with the above-mentioned ad jectives. If, in poetical language, we find any other perfect participles joined with a genitive, we must regard them as adjectives. [§ 439.] 8. With verbs of reminding, remembering, and forgetting (admoneo, commóneo, commonefacio aliquem; memini, reminiscor, recordor, also in mentem mihi venit; obliviscor,) the person or the thing of which any one reminds another or himself, or which he forgets, is expressed by the genitive; but there are many instances, also, in which the thing is expressed by the accusative. Medicus, ut primum mentis compotem esse regem sensit, modo matris sororumque, modo tantae victoriae appropinquantis admonere non destitit, Curt., iii., 16. Hannibal milites adhortatus est, ut reminiscerentur pristinae virtutis suae, neve mulierum liberumque (for et liberorum) obliviscerentur. Tu, C. Caesar, oblivisci nihil soles, nisi injurias, Cic., p. Leg., 12. Non omnes (senes) possunt esse Scipiones aut Maximi, ut urbium expugnationes, ut pedestres navalesque pugnas, ut bella a se gesta triumphosque recordentur, Cic., Cat. Maj., 5. [§ 440.] Note.-With regard to the accusative of the thing, it must be observed that the neuters of pronouns, and the neuter adjectives used as substantives, are joined to the above-mentioned verbs only in the accusative; for their genitive would present no difference from the masc. gender. Hence Cicero (de Off., ii., 8) is obliged to say, Externa libentius in tali re quam domestica recordor; and the verbs of reminding are thus joined with two accusatives, one of the person and the other of the thing; e. g., illud me praeclare admones, unum te admoneo. (Comp. 393.) An accusative of the thing, expressed by a real substantive, occurs only with verbs of re membering and forgetting; e. g., memini or oblitus sum mandata, beneficia, dicta factaque tua; pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam. An accusative of the person is very rarely used with these verbs; but memini, in the sense of "I remember a person who lived in my time," is invariably joined with an accusative of the person; e. g., Cic., Philip., v., 6, quod neque reges fecerunt, neque ii, qui regibus exactis regnum occupare voluerunt: Cinnam memini, vidi Sullam, modo Caesarem, &c.; de Orat., iii., 50, Antipater ille Sidonius, quem tu probe meministi. Sometimes verbs of reminding and remembering take the preposition de; memini takes de more especially when it signifies mentionem facere, but the genitive also may be used. With venit mihi in mentem, the person or thing may be put in the nominat., so as to become the subject; e. g., aliquid, haec, omnia mihi in mentem venerunt. [§ 441.] 9. The impersonal verbs pudet, piget, poenitet, taedet, and miseret require the person in whom the feeling exists to be in the accusative, and the thing which produces the feeling in the genitive. The thing producing the feeling may also be expressed by the infinitive, or by a sentence with quod or with an interrogative particle, e. g., pudet me hoc fecisse, poenitet me quod te offendi, non poenitet me (I am not dissatisfied) quantum profecerim. As to the forms of these verbs, see § 225. Malo, me fortunae poeniteat, quam victoriae pudeat, Curt., iv., 47. Eorum nos magis miseret, qui nostram misericordiam non requirunt, quam qui illam efflagitant, Cic., p. Mil., 34. Non poenitet me vixisse, quoniam ita vixi, ut non frustra me natum existimem, Cic., Cat. Maj., in fin. Quem poenitet peccasse, paene est innocens, Senec., Agam, 243. [ 442.] Note 1. The personal verbs misereor and miseresco, "I pity," are joined with a genitive, like the impersonal verbs miseret (and miseretur): miseremini sociorum, misertus tanti viri, generis miseresce tui; but we also find miserescit me tui, impersonally, in Terence (Heaut.. v., 4, 3), inopis te nun miserescat mei. Miserari and commiserari (to pity), on the other hand, re quire the accusative. The above-mentioned impersonal verbs are very rarely used personally; as in Terence, Adelph., iv., 5, 36, non te haec pudent. In the passage of Cicero (Tusc., v., 18), sequitur ut nihil (sapientem) poeni teat, the word nihil must not be taken for a nominative: it is the accusative, for both this particular word and the neuters of pronouns are thus used in the accusative (see § 385); whereas real substantives would necessarily be in a different case. So, also, in Cic., de Invent., ii., 13, quaeri oportet, utrum id facinus sit, quod poenitere fuerit necesse, for cujus rei. The participle pertaesus (belonging to taedet) governs the accusative, contrary to the rule by which participles are joined with the same case as the verbs from which they are formed; e. g., Sueton., Jul., 7, quasi pertaesus ignaviam suam; but it is also used with a genitive, as in Tacitus, Ann., xv., 51, postremo lentitudinis eorum pertaesa. [§ 443.] Note 2.-Pudet requires a genit., also, in the sense of "being restrained by shame or respect for a person;" e. g., Terent., Adelph., iv., 5, 49, et me tui pudet; Cic., in Clod., Nonne te hujus templi, non urbis, non vitae, non lucis pudet? It is found more frequently without an accusat., as in Livy, iii., 19, pudet deorum hominumque; Cic., Philip., xii., 3, pudet hujus legionis, pudet quartae, pudet optimi exercitus. [§ 444.] 10. The verbs of estimating or valuing and their passives (aestimare, ducere, facere, fieri, habere, pendere, putare, taxare, and esse) are joined with the genitive when the value is expressed generally by an adjective, but with the ablative when it is expressed by a substantive. (Comp. § 456.) Genitives of this kind are: magni, permagni, pluris, plurimi, maximi, parvi, minoris, minimi, tanti, quanti, and the compounds tantidem, quantivis, quanticunque; but never (or very rarely) multi and majoris. The substantive to be understood with these genitives is pretii, which is sometimes expressed (with esse). Si prata et hortulos tanti aestimamus, quanti est aestimanda virtus? Cic., Parad., 6. Unum Hephaestionem Alexander plurimi fecerat, Nep... Eum., 2. Ego a meis me amari et magni pendi postulo, Terent., Adelph., v., 4, 25. Mea mihi conscientia pluris est, quam omnium sermo, Cic., ad Att., xii., 28. Note.-Tanti est, "it is worth so much," signifies, also, absolutely, "it is worth while;" e. g., Cic., in Cat., i., 9, Video quanta tempestas invidiae nobis impendeat. Sed est mihi tanti: dummodo ista privata sit calamitas. In addition to the above genitives we must mention assis, flocci, nauci, pensi, pili kabere, or commonly non habere, ducere, aestimare; farther, the comic phrase hujus non facio, "I do not care that for it," and nihili. But we find, also, pro nihilo habere, putare, and ducere; e. g., omnia, quae cadere in hominem possint, despicere et pro nihilo putare. The phrase aequi boni, or aequi bonique facio, consulo, and boni consulo, I consider a thing to be right, am satisfied with it, must likewise be classed with these genitives. A genitive expressing price is joined, also, to such words as coeno, habito, doceo; e. g., quanti habitas? what price do you pay for your house or lodging? quanti docet? what are his terms in teaching? [§ 445.] The same rule applies to general statements of price with the verbs of buying, selling, lending, and hiring (emere, vendere, the passive venire, conducere, locare, and as passives in sense, stare and constare, prostare and licere, to be exposed for sale). But the ablatives magno, permagno, plurimo, parvo, minimo, nihilo, are used very frequently instead of the genitive, Mercatores non tantidem vendunt, quanti emerunt, Cic. Nulla pestis humano generi pluris stetit, quam ira, Senec. Non potest parvo res magna constare, Senec., Epist., 19. Note. With verbs of buying, therefore, the genitive and ablative alternate according to the particular words that are used. Cic., ad Fam., vii., 2, writes, Parum acute ei mandasti potissimum, cui expediret illud venire quam plurimo: sed eo vidisti multum, quod praefinisti, quo ne pluris emerem-nunc, quoniam tuum pretium novi, illicitatorem, potias ponam, quam illud minoris veneat; Plaut., Epid., ii., 2, 112, Quanti emere possum minimo? What is the lowest price I can buy at? Aestimare is sometimes joined with the ablatives magno, permagno, nonnihilo, instead of the regular genitives. The adverbs care, bene, male, sometimes take the place of the ablative with the verbs of buying, though not very frequently. Instead of nihilo constat, it costs me nothing, we find in Cicero gratis constat. [§ 446.] 11. The genitive is used to denote the crime or offence, with the verbs accuso, incuso, arguo, interrogo, insimulo, increpo, infamo; convinco, coarguo; judico, damno, condemno; absolvo, libero, purgo; arcesso, cito, defero, postulo, reum facio, alicui diem dico, cum aliquo ago. The genitive joined to these verbs depends upon the substantive crimine or nomine, which is understood, but sometimes also expressed. Genitives of this kind are, peccati, maleficii, sceleris, caedis, veneficii, parricidii, furti, repetundarum, peculatus, falsi, injuriarum, rei capitalis, proditionis, majestatis; probri, stultitiae, avaritiae, audaciae, vanitatis, levitatis, temeritatis ignaviae; timoris, impietatis, and others. DD Miltiades proditionis est accusatus, quod, quum Parum expugnare posset, e pugna discessisset, Nep., Milt. Thrasybulus legem tulit, ne quis ante actarum rerum accusaretur neve multaretur, Nep., Thras., 3. Note 1.-To these verbs we must add a few adjectives, which are used instead of their participles: reus, compertus, noxius, innoxius, insons, manifestus. Sometimes the preposition de is used, with the verbs of accusing and condemning, instead of the genitive; e. g., de vi condemnatus est, nomen alicujus de parricidio deferre. [§ 447.] Note 2.-The punishment, with the verbs of condemning, is commonly expressed by the genitive; e. g., capitis, mortis, multae, pecuniae, quadrupli, octupli, and less frequently by the ablative, capite, morte, multa, pecunia. The ablative, however, is used invariably when a definite sum is mentioned; e. g., decem, quindecim milibus aeris. Sometimes we find the preposition ad or in: ad poenam, ad bestias, ad metalla, in metallum, in expensas, and Tacitus uses, also, ad mortem. The meaning of capitis accu sare, arcessere, absolvere, and of capitis or capite damnare, condemnare, must be explained by the signification of what the Romans called a causa capitis.* Voti or votorum damnari, to be condemned to fulfil one's vow, is thus equivalent to "to obtain what one wishes." [§ 448.] 12. The genitive is used with the verbs esse and fieri, in the sense of "it is a person's business, office, lot, or property," the substantives res or negotium being understood; e. g., hoc est praeceptoris, this is the business of the teacher; non est mearum virium, it is beyond my strength; Asia Romanorum facta est, Asia became the property of the Romans. The same genitive is found, also, with some of the verbs mentioned in § 394, esse being understood. But instead of the genitive of the personal pronouns mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, the neuters of the possessives, meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum est, erat, &c., are used. Cujusvis hominis est errare, nullius nisi insipientis in errore perseverare, Cic., Phil., xii., 2. Sapientis judicis est, semper non quid ipse velit, sed quid Tuum est, M. Cato, qui non mihi, non tibi, sed patriae Note 1.-We have here followed Perizonius (on Sanctius, Minerva, in many passages) in explaining the genitive by the ellipsis of negotium.t This opinion is confirmed by a passage in Cicero, ad Fam., iii., 12, non ho rum temporum, non horum hominum et morum negotium est; but we ought not to have recourse to such an ellipsis, except for the purpose of illus trating the idiom of a language, and we should not apply it to every par ticular case; for, in most instances, it would be better and more consist *[Consult Dict. Antiq., p. 212, Harpers' ed.]-Am. Ed. + [Compare Palairet, Ellips. Lat., s. v. Negotium.]—Am. Ed. + de vi reus. Civ. Sext 35. de |