The genitive of those in us and um is formed by chan ging these terminations into i. The vocative of words in us ends in ě; as, O felix anně, O happy year! In all other cases the vocative is like the nominative.

The neuters in um are declined in the same way; but in the plural they have the termination a, and the nominative, accusative, and vocative are alike in the singular as well as in the plural.

Vir and its compounds, as well as satur, simply add the terminations of the different cases to the nominative.

Some of the words in er are likewise declined by merely adding the terminations to the nominative; as, puer, puĕr-i, puĕr-o, puĕr-um, puĕr-orum, puĕr-is, puĕr-os; others reject the short e in the oblique cases; as, liber (a book), libr-i, libr-ō, libr-um, &c. Those which retain the e are not very numerous, viz., adulter, gener, puer, socer, vesper, Liber (the god Bacchus), and liberi (the children, only in 468.) So Iber is only shortened from Ibērus, and satur from saturus, &c. Many Greek words likewise appear in Latin shorn of their appropriate termination; as, ȧypós (agrus, agerus), ager; Evavdpoç, (Euandrus,) Euander, &c. It may be added that, in most words of this class, the e in the middle is syncopated; as, liber, libri; ager, agri. That this is a true syncope is clearly shown by dexter, gen. dexteri and dextri. (Struve, über die Lat. Declin., &c., p. 11.)]—Am. Ed.

the plural); the adjectives asper, lacer, liber (free), miser, prosper, and tener. To these we must add the compounds of ferre and gerere; as, Lucifer, armiger, and the words presbyter, Iber, and Celtiber (plural Celtiberi). The adjec tive dexter has both forms, dextera and dextra, dexterum and dextrum, although the elision of the e is more frequent.

[§ 49.] Note 1.-The genitive of nouns, both proper and common, in ius and ium, in the best age of the Latin language, was not i, but i; as, fili for filii, and, in like manner, Appi, ingeni, imperi, consili, negoti. So, at least, it was pronounced in the poets before and during the Augustan age, as in Virgil, Horace, and Tibullus. Propertius is the first who, in a few instances, has ii, which occurs frequently in Ovid; and in the later poets, who preferred regularity of formation to euphony, it is quite common. (See Bentley on Terence, Andr., ii., 1, 20.) With regard to poets, the metre must determine this point; and it was in consequence of the metre that Lucretius (v., 1004), though one of the early poets, wrote nāvīgü, because otherwise the word would not have suited the hexameter. But the orthography of prose writers who lived before the Augustan age is doubt ful, on account of the great discrepancy which, on this point as on every thing connected with orthography, prevails in the MSS., even in the most ancient ones of Cicero, which have recently been discovered. It is, however, probable that, although i may have been written, only one i was pronounced, as was always done in the words dii and dus. The genitive mancipi for mancipii, which occurs in many legal expressions, is a remnant of the ancient practice, and remained in use in later times. Concerning the accent of these contracted genitives, and of the vocatives of proper names in ius, of which we shall speak hereafter, see above, § 33, and Bentley, I. c. Note 2.-The following nine adjectives or adjective pronouns, unus, solus, totus, ullus, uter, neuter, alter, nullus, and alius, together with their compounds uterque, utervis, uterlibet, utercunque, and alteruter, form the genitive in all their three genders in ius, and the dative in i; in addition to which, uter and neuter eject the e preceding the r. The i of this genitive is long in prose, but in verse it is sometimes made short. (See § 16.) Alterius alone has the i short both in prose and in verse (with a few exceptions, as in Terence, Andr., iv., 1, 4; see § 850), according to the statement of Priscian, p. 694, 958. It is true that alterius cannot be used in the dactylic hexameter without the i being short, but it is used in the same manner in a trochee by Plautus (Capt., ii., 2, 56). There are only a few instances in which these words follow the regular declension. (See below, § 140.)

[ 50.] Note 3.-The vocative of proper names in tus ends in iinstead of ie, e. g., Antoni, Mercuri, Terenti, Tulli, Virgili. In like manner, the prope. names in iius, being sometimes softened down into ius, make the vocative in a simple i; as, Gai, Pompei. But this rule cannot be applied to prope names in ius from the Greek ɛtos, as in Arius, Heraclius; nor to thos names which are in reality adjectives, and are used as proper names only when filius, deus, or heros is understood, such as Laërtius, the son of Laërtes, i. e., Ulysses; Cynthius, Delius, the Cynthian or Delian god, i. e.. Apollo; Tirynthius, the Tirynthian hero, i. e., Hercules. All such words retain ie in the vocative; and in like manner Pius, when used as a proper name, probably formed the vocative Pie; for all common nouns and adjectives, according to the testimony of the ancient grammarians, regularly formed their vocative in ie; as, nuntie, adversarie, impie, although there are no passages in ancient writers to prove it. But filius and genius make their vocative fili, geni, and meus (though not mea or meum) makes mi. Deus, in the vocative, is like the nominative; as, O deus! mi deus !*

[The form dee, as a vocative, first occurs at a later period, in the Christian writers; as, for example. Prudentius and Tertullian.]-Am. Ed.

What has here been said of deus alone is applied by poets to other words also: they not unfrequently imitate the Greeks by making the vocative like the nominative, e. g., Terent., Phorm., ii., 2, 10: O vir fortis atque amicus! Horat., de Art. Poët., 292, vos, O Pompilius sanguis! Carm., i., 2, 43, almae filius Maiae. Ovid, Fast., iv., 731, populus. In Livy, too, it occurs in some ancient formula; as, viii., 9, agedum pontifex publicus populi Rom.; and i., 24, tu populus Albanus; but there is no reason for doubting the form popule, which occurs in other passages.

morum.

[951.] Note 4.-The genitive plural of some words, especially those which denote money, measure, and weight, is commonly um* instead of orum, particularly nummum, sestertium, denarium, cadum, medimnum, modium, jugerum, talentum. Nummum is commonly used in this way in connexion with numerals; whereas otherwise, when it merely denotes money in general, nummorum is the usual form, e. g., tantum nummorum, acervi numThere are some other words in which this is the usual form in certain combinations, such as praefectus fabrum, or socium, from faber and socius; so, also, duumvirum, triumvirum, decemvirum. Liberi and deus have both forms, liberorum, deorum, and liberum, deum. Poets indulge in still greater licenses, especially with names of nations; they say, e. g., Argivum, Danaum, Poenum, &c., instead of Argivorum, Danaorum, Poenorum, and in Livy we find Celtiberum, as well as Celtiberorum. We might point out several more isolated peculiarities of this kind; as, ephorum in Corn. Nepos, Agesil., 4. Respecting the genitive of numerals (cardinal, and especially distributive numerals), see below, Chap. XXIX. and XXX.

Note 5.-Deus has three forms in the nom. and ablat. plur., viz., dei, dii, and di, and deis, diis, and dis. The forms in i are the most usual, and in reality only one of them, since dii and diis were pronounced as monosyllables (Priscian, p. 737), and are most frequently found thus spelled in the ancient MSS.

The following words may serve as exercises of declension: Annus, year; corvus, raven; hortus, garden; lectus, bed; medicus, physician; morbus, illness; nuntius, messenger; populus, people; rivus, brook; taurus, bull; ventus, wind. Neuters in um: Astrum, star; bellum, war; collum, neck; dolium, cask; donum, present; membrum, limb; negotium, business; ovum, egg; poculum, cup; proelium, battle; sepulcrum, sepulchre; signum, sign; tergum, back; vinculum, fetter. Those in er, genit. eri, have been mentioned above. The following are the most common among those which reject the e before the r: Ager, field; aper, boar; arbiter, arbitrator; auster, south wind; cancer, cancer, or crab; coluber, snake; culter, knife; faber, workman; liber, book; magister, teacher; minister, servant. To these must be added the proper names in er, e. g., Alexander, genit. Alexandri. The adjectives which reject.

* We do not write ûm, as is done in most editions, for several reasons: 1. Because it is doubtful whether this form arose from contraction; 2. Because, according to the testimony of the ancient grammarians, no final syllable in m with a vowel before it is long (which would be implied in the circumflex), whence no one would be able to distinguish by his ear such a genitive as nummum from the accus. sing., as Quintilian, i., 6, 17. attests; and, 3. Because no accents are used in Latin.

the e are aeger, ater, creber, glaber, macer, niger, piger, impiger, pulcher, ruber, sacer, scaber, sinister, taeter, vafer.

CHAPTER XII.

GREEK WORDS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION.

[§ 52.] GREEK words in os and neuters in ov, which make ov in the genitive, are commonly Latinized in the nominative by the terminations us and um, such as the common nouns taurus, antrum, theatrum, and the proper names Homerus, Pyrrhus, Corinthus. Other common nouns, which are more rarely used, admit of both terminations in the nominative; as, arctos and arctus, barbitos and barbitus, scorpios and scorpius; and this is still more frequently the case in proper names, so that, e. g., Paros, Delos, Isthmos, and Ilion are used along with Parus, Delus, Isthmus, and Ilium. Generally speaking, however, the Greek forms belong more particularly to poets and the later prose writers. Greek names in poç, with a consonant before it, sometimes become Latinized by the termination er, and sometimes they change pos into rus, and make their vocative in ĕ. The former takes place in by far the greater number of cases, e. g., Alexander, Maeander, Teucer; the only instances in which the termination rus is found are, Codrus, Hebrus, Locrus, Petrus.* In the compounds of μéтpov, and a few others, both forms are used, as hexameter and hexametrus, though the latter occurs more frequently. Words ending in os in the nominative may make the accusative in on instead of um; as, Delon, Bosporon, Tarson. The nominative plural sometimes ends in oe (the Greek diphthong ot), as in canephoroe, Cicero, in Verr., iv., 3, 8; Locroe, Quintil., x., 1, 70.†

* [To these Schneider subjoins Myriandrus, Antandrus, hydrus, amphi macrus, diametrus, and perimetrus. (L. G., vol. iii., p. 75.)]—Am. Ed.

+[This ending belongs properly to the earlier state of the language. Thus, in Plautus (Cas. prol., 31) we have clerumence, and also (Poen., i., 1, 9) lera. In many MSS., too, the Comedy of Terence which we entitle Adelphi, is called Adelpha. Besides Cicero and Quintilian, however, we find it in Nepos (Miltiad., iv., 3), hemerodrome; in Pliny (H. N., 37, 10), bola; and most frequently in the names of nations and cities; as, Sella (Lucan, iii., 180); Holma (Plin., H. N., v., 27); Arimaspa (Pomp. Mela, ii., ì, 2), &c. (Consult Schneider, L. G., vol. iii., p. 82, seq.)]—Am. Ed.

The genitive plural in ōn, instead of orum, occurs in the titles of books, such as Bucolicon, Georgicon.*

2. Greek proper names in ovç, contracted from oos, are in Latin either resolved into ous or end in us; as, Alcinõus, Aristonus, Panthus. The vocative of the latter form is u;

as, Panthu.

3. Some Greek proper names in wc, which in Greek follow the second Attic declension (as, Athos, Ceos, Cos Teos), in Latin either follow the Greek declension, e. g., Athōs, gen. and dat. Atho, accus. Atho or Athon; or they take the Latin form; as, Tyndareus for Tyndareos, and Cous (for Cos, Kŵs), Coo, Coum, ablat. Co, e. g., in Co insula. Athos, however, is also declined as a noun of the third declension with the nominative Athon or AthoAthonem, Athone.

4. Greek words in suç of the third Greek declension, such as Orpheus, Idomeneus, Phalereus, Prometheus, were pronounced in Latin sometimes eus, as one syllable, and sometimes ĕus. The best way is to make them follow entirely the second Latin declension; as, Orpheï, Orpheo, Orpheum, with the exception of the vocative, which (according to the Greek third declension) ends in eu. The Greek terminations, gen. čos, dat. ei (contracted er), accus. ča,t are chiefly found in poetry; but the accusative is frequent also with prose writers, though Cicero (ad Att., vii., 3) does not approve of it; as, Phalerea, Promethea, Tydea. The terminations ei, eo, ea are sometimes contracted by poets into a diphthong, because the metre requires it. (See above, § 11.) Horace makes the genitive of Achilles and Ulixes-Achillei, Ulixei, or contracted Achiller, Ulixer, as though the nominative still ended in ευς. The name Perseus is usually formed by Cicero after the first declension: nom. Perses, gen. and dat. Persae, acc. Persen, abl. Perse and Persa. Livy preferred the second declension: Perseus, Perseï, Perseo (rarely Persi, according to the third, like the Greek IIɛpoεi), but in the accusative he has more frequently Persea than Per

seum.

* [And in some unusual geographical names; as, Colonia Theron (Sall., Jug., xix., 3); Philenon aræ (Id. ib.); Tegestræon (Prisc., Perieg., 375.)]— Am. Ed.

In some words also ea, if the verse requires it; as, Idomenea, Ilionēa: ña and eǎ are Ionic forms, and the Attic ea is not customary in Latin