lis, tantus, tot or totidem, are followed (sometimes the arrangement of words produces the reversed order) by the relative pronouns qui, qualis, quantus, quot. This must be particularly attended to by the beginner, as the English language usually employs "as" instead of the relative; e. g., qualem te jam antea populo Romano praebuisti, talem te nobis hoc tempore imperti; Cic., ad Att., vii., 1, videre mihi videor tantam dimicationem, quanta nunquam fuit, as there never was. Farther, eodem modo me decepit quo te; eadem facilitate Graecos scriptores intelligere, qua Latinos; idem quod tu passus sum; iidem abeunt qui venerunt. Instead of the relative after idem, talis, and totidem, however, we may also use ac, atque, or ut. See § 340. Cic., in Vat., 4, honos talis paucis est delatus ac mihi; Tusc., ii., 3, eisdem fere verbis exponimus, ut actum disputatumque est. Idem cum also occurs; as, Tacit., Ann., xv., 2, eodem mecum patre genitus, instead of quo ego. The construction of idem with the dative is pure Greek, and occurs only in poetry, and even there very rarely; e. g., Horat., Ars Poet., 467, Invitum qui servat idem facit occidenti; i. e., quod occidens, or quasi occidat; Ovid., Amor., i., 4, 1, Vir tuus est epulas nobis aditurus easdem. Similis is construed like idem, in Horat., Serm., i., 3, 122, quum magnis parva mineris falce recisurum simili te, to cut down with equal sickle small as well as great things.

[§ 705.] 13. Qui joined to esse and a substantive, either in the nominative or ablative of quality, is used in explanatory clauses instead of pro, "in accordance with," or, "according to;" e. g., instead of Tu, pro tua prudentia, quid optimum factu sit, videbis, in Cicero (ad Fam., x., 27), we may say, Facile, quae tua est prudentia, or qua prudentia es, quid optimum factu sit, videbis. Examples are numerous: D. Brut., in Cic., ad Fam., xi., 13, Attendere te volo, quae in manibus sunt. Qua enim prudentia es, nihil te fugiet, si meas litteras diligenter legeris; Cic., ad Att., vi., 9, Quare de hoc satis: spero enim, quae tua prudentia et temperantia est, te jam, ut volumus, valere; ad Fam., xii., 29, Nec dubito, quin sine mea commendatione, quod tuum est judicium de hominibus, ipsius Lamiae causa studiose omnia facturus sis.

[§ 706.] 14. We observed above (§ 128) that the relativa generalia, which are formed either by doubling the simple relative, or by the suffix cunque; as, quisquis and

quicunque, are in classical prose always joined with a verb, and form the protasis. When, notwithstanding this, we sometimes read in Cic., quacunque ratione and quoquo modo, in the sense of omni ratione, omni modo, we must explain such expressions by means of an ellipsis; e. g., quacunque ratione fieri potest. But in later writers we frequently find quicunque used in this absolute sense for quivis or quilibet; e. g., Sueton., Claud., 34, quocunque gladiatorio munere prolapsos jugulari jubebat; Quintil., x., 1, 105, Ciceronem cuicunque eorum fortiter opposuerim, and this author and Tacitus use it quite commonly in this sense; but the fact of such peculiarities, which are founded on the whole structure of a language, being effaced, is a sign of the decay of the language. Qualiscunque and quantuscunque are likewise used in an absolute sense (by means of an ellipsis), which, however, cannot be censured, the force of the expression being thus enhanced; e. g., Senec., Epist., 80, Tu non concupisces quanticunque ad libertatem pervenire, at any price, be it ever so high; Cic., ad Fam., iv., 8, Si libertatem sequimur: qui locus hoc dominatu vacat? sin qualemcunque locum: quae est domestica sede jucundior.

[§ 707.] 15. Quidam, some, and substantively, "some one," expresses qualitative indefiniteness, and it is strange to find that certi homines is used in the same sense (e. g., Cicero, Tusc., iii., 34), just as we say "certain people." Quidam expressing quantitative indefiniteness, in the sense of nonnulli, aliquot, occurs more rarely. We must here observe that quidam, when joined to substantives and adjectives, is very often used merely to soften the expression when the speaker feels that he has made use of too strong an expression, especially when he means to suggest that the word he has used should not be taken in its literal, but in a figurative sense. The best Latin writers, and more particularly Cicero, are very scrupulous in their application of words, and add their quidam or quasi quidam, where later writers and modern languages do not feel any necessity for such a modifying or softening word. When in English anything of the kind is required, it is expressed in different ways, one of which is the expression, "so to speak," which is also not unfrequently used in Latin, ut ita dicam. In the following passages quidam softens down adjectives; Cic., ad Fam., viii., 8, ex tuis lit

teris cognovi praeposteram quandam festinationem tuam ; xii., 25, fuit enim illud quoddam caecum tempus servitutis; de Orat., ii., 74, ut apud Graecos fertur incredibili quadam magnitudine consilii atque ingenii Atheniensis ille fuisse Themistocles; Lael., 13, non sunt isti audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream quandam volunt; and in the following it softens down substantives; Cic., de Orat., ii., 46, Saepe enim audivi, poetam bonum neminem sine inflammatione animorum existere posse, et sine quodam aflatu quasi furoris; i., 3, Neque enim te fugit, artium omnium laudatarum procreatricem quandam et quasi parentem philosophiam ab hominibus doctissimis judicari; p. Arch., 1, Etenim omnes artes, quae ad humanitatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune vinculum et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur. Tamquam is used for the same purpose; as, Cic., de Orat., iii., 43, Translatum verbum maxime tamquam stellis quibusdam notat et illuminat ora

tionem.

[§ 708.] 16. There is this difference between the simple indefinite pronoun, quis, qui, and the compound aliquis, that the latter is more emphatic than the former. Hence aliquis stands by itself as an independent word, while the unaccented quis is joined to other words, more especially to the conjunctions si, nisi, ne, num, and to relatives, and quum, which originally was a relative (§ 136); sometimes one or more words are inserted between quis and the words to which it belongs; e. g., Cic., de Off., i., 10, Illis promissis standum non est, quae coactus quis metu promiserit; Tusc., iv., 19, Ubi enim quid esset, quod disci posset, eo veniendum judicaverunt; v., 27, mulieres in India, quum est cujus earum vir mortuus; de Fin., v., 10, quotienscunque dicetur male de se quis mereri. connexions, however, quis is used with somewhat more independence; as, Cic., ad Att., vi., 1, credo Scaptium iniquius quid de me scripsisse; de Off., iii., 6, morbus aut egestas aut quid ejusmodi; de Fin., iii., 21, alienum est a justitia detrahere quid de aliquo, and immediately after, injuriam cui facere; de Nat. Deor., i., 24, priusque te quis de omni vitae, statu, quam de ista auctoritate dejecerit, and we not unfrequently find dixerit quis, some one might say But such passages are, after all, of very rare occurrence in the language of Cicero, and it is advisable to follow his

Qa

In other

example rather than that of later writers, who used the indefinite quis more frequently in the place of aliquis.

It must, however, be observed, on the other hand, that aliquis is used after those conjunctions which usually require quis, when it stands in an antithetical relation to something else, and, accordingly, has a stronger emphasis; e. g., Cic., p. Milon, 24, Timebat Pompeius omnia, ne aliquid vos timeretis; Philip., xiii., 1, Si aliquid de summa gravitate Pompeius, multum de cupiditate Caesar remisisset; ad Fam., xiv., 1, cui si aliquid erit (if he has but something) ne egeat, mediocri virtute opus est, ut cetera consequatur; Liv., xxiv., 8, Create consulem T. Otacilium, non dico si omnia haec, sed si aliquid eorum praestitit. We are sometimes obliged, in English, to express the emphasis of aliquis by the word "really;" e. g., Cic., Cat. Maj., 20, Sensus moriendi, si aliquis esse potest, is ad exiguum tempus durat; ibid., 13, si aliquid dandum est voluptati, senectus modicis conviviis potest delectari. Comp. ad Fam., xi., 18, 3; in Verr., ii., 31, 77.

Quispiam, which is used more rarely, is sometimes employed, like quis, after conjunctions; as in Cicero, pecuniam si cuipiam fortuna ademit; si grando quippiam nocuit; and sometimes it stands alone; e. g., quaeret fortasse quispiam, where quispiam is rather more indefinite than aliquis would be.

[§ 709.] 17. The difference between quisquam and ullus is this, that quisquam is used substantively (we must, however, bear in mind what was said in § 676), while ullus is an adjective; both, however, have a negative sense, and are thus opposed to the affirmatives quis, quispiam, and aliquis. They are used, like the adverbs unquam and usquam (see § 284), only in such sentences as are negative, either through the negative particles non, neque, nemo, nunquam, &c., or through a negative verb; as, nego, nescio, veto, ignoro, or through their whole construction; e. g., nego fore quemquam, or, nego fore ullum hominem, which are equivalent to neminem, or nullum hominem fore puto, so that quisquam corresponds to the substantive nemo, and ullus to the adjective nullus. Cic., Philip., x., 7, Ab hoc igitur quisquam bellum timet? which, if we resolve the interrogative form, will be nemo ab hoc bellum timet. A sentence may acquire a negative character from a comparative; e. g, when I say, "he stayed in this place long

er than in any other," the meaning is, "he did not stay so long in any other place." Hence we say in Latin, diutius in hac urbe quam in alia ulla commoratus est; Cic., in Verr., iv., 55, Tetrior hic tyrannus Syracusanus fuit quam quisquam superiorum. It seems surprising that quis, and not quisquam, is used after the dependent negative particles ne, neve, and after the negative interrogative particle num; and this is, indeed, an exception arising from the ordinary use of quis after conjunctions. The preposition sine has likewise a negative power; hence we say, sine ulla spe; and hence non sine is affirmative; e. g., non sine aliqua spe huc venerunt, not without some hope; i.e., cum aliqua spe. See my note on Cic., Divin., 18.

[§ 709. b.] Quisquam and ullus, however, are sometimes used after si, instead of aliquis or quis, not in a negative sense, but only to increase the indefiniteness which would be implied in aliquis or quis; e. g., Cic., Lael., 2, Aut enim nemo, quod quidem magis credo, aut, si quisquam, ille sapiens fuit; de Off., i., 31, Omnino, si quidquam est decorum, nihil est profecto magis, quam aequabilitas universae vitae; ad Fam., ii., 16, Filio meo, si erit ulla res publica, satis amplum patrimonium in memoria nominis mei: sin autem nulla erit, &c., here the former part with ulla is meant in the affirmative. In Liv., v., 33, Camillo manente, si quidquam humanorum certi est, capi Roma non potuerat, the negative sense is still perceptible, for, in fact, nothing human can be asserted with certainty; and such passages may serve to explain many similar ones. In this manner it gradually came to pass that quisquam, ullus, unquam, usquam were also used without si, where the indefiniteness is to be made emphatic (answering to the emphatic any); as, Cic., in Cat., i., 2, Quamdiu quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, vives; p. Rosc. Am., 43, Dum praesidia ulla fuerunt, Roscius in Sullae praesidiis fuit; Nep., Att., 19, Tanta prosperitas Caesarem est consecuta, ut nihil ei non tribuerit fortuna, quod cuiquam ante detulerit; Liv., i., 18, Curibus Sabinis habitabat consultissimus vir, ut in illa quisquam esse aetate poterat; xxi., 1, bellum maxime omnium memorabile, quae unquam gesta sunt, scripturus sum; Tacit., Ann., xi., 24, majores mei hortantur, ut paribus consiliis rem publicam capessam transferendo huc quod usquam egregium fuerit; Quintil., x., 1, 60, Archilochus quod quoquam minor est, materiae vitium ést,