sition of his thoughts. The figurae verborum arise from addition, from resemblance of sound and form, and suppression. The following arise from addition: geminatio, a doubling of words; e. g., Cic., in Verr., v., 62, crux, crux inquam, misero et aerumnoso comparabatur; èπavapopá, repetitio, repetition; i. e., when the several members of a proposition begin with the same word; e. g., Cic., in Cat., i., 1, Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil consensus bonorum omnium, nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil ho rum ora vultusque moverunt? Comp. p. Arch., 9, 21; in Rull., ii., 6. The reverse (i. e., when the same word is used at the end of several members) is called ȧvTLOTρOpý, conversio. Complexio arises from a combination of repetitio and conversio; e. g., Cic., in Rull., ii., 9, Quis legem tulit? Rullus. Quis majorem partem populi suffragiis prohibuit? Rullus. Quis comitiis praefuit? "Rullus. Quis decemviros quos voluit renuntiavit? Idem Rullus. Traductio, when a word from a preceding clause is repeated in the following, as in the Auct. ad Her., iv., 14, Eum tu hominem appellas, qui si fuisset homo, nunquam tam crudeliter vitam hominis petisset. Пoλvoúvdetov, i. e, the repetition of the same conjunction; e. g., ad Her., iv., 19, Et inimico proderas, et amicum laedebas, et tibi ipsi non consulebas. [§ 822.] From resemblance of sound and form, or symmetry, arise, πаρоνоμaσía, annominatio, when words, with some resemblance of sound, are placed together, or, rather, in opposition; e. g., Cic., in Verr., v., 10, ut eum non facile non modo extra tectum, sed ne extra lectum quidem quisquam videret; in Cat., i., 12, hanc reip pestem non paulisper reprimi, sed in perpetuum comprimi volo; de Off., i., 23, expetenda magis est decernendi ratio, quam decertandi fortitudo. For more examples, see my note on Cic., in Verr., iv., 5, 10. 'OpοlóпTWтOV, when the same cases are in several members of the proposition; and óμoɩOTÉλεUTOV, when the members end similarly; e. g., both united occur in Cic., p. Clu., 6, Vicit pudorem libido, timorem audacia, rationem amentia. To these may be added loókwλov; i. e., when the members are of (about) equal length; e. g., Auct. ad Her., iv., 20, Alii fortuna felicitatem dedit, huic industria virtutem comparavit. Compare the quotation from Cic., p. Caecina, at the end of § 816. 'AvTi0ETOV, opposition, requires this symmetry; e. g., Cic., p. Mil., 4, Est igitur haec, judices, non scripta, sed nata lex, quam non didicimus, accepimus, legimus, verum ex natura ipsa arripuimus, hausimus, expressimus, ad quam non docti, sed facti,non instituti, sed imbuti sumus, ut, &c. Of a similar nature is ȧvrqueтaboλn, commutatio, where the opposition is expressed by an inverted order of the proposition; e. g., ad Her., iv., 28, Quia stultus es, ea re taces, non tamen quia taces, ea re stultus es; si poëma loquens pictura est, pictura tacitum poëma debet esse. If not the whole clause is inverted, this figure is called énávodoç, regressio; e. g., Cic., Brut., 39, ut eloquentium juris peritissimus Crassus, juris peritorum eloquentissimus Scaevola haberetur. Lastly, Kλiμaš, gradatio; i. e., gradation, at the same time repeating the preceding word; e. g., ad Her., iv., 25, Imperium Graeciae fuit penes Athienienses, Atheniensium potiti sunt Spartiatae, Spartiatas superavere Thebani, Thebanos Macedones vicerunt, qui ad imperium Graeciae brevi tempore adjunxerunt Asiam bello subactam. [§ 823.] The following arise from suppression: àñoσióπηois, an intentional breaking off in the middle of a speech; e. g., Cic., p. Mil., 12, De nostro enim omnium—non audeo totum dicere. Videte quid ea vitii lex habitura fuerit, cujus periculosa etiam reprehensio est, and the well-known passage of Virgil (Aen., i., 135), Quos ego-sed motos praestat componere fluctus. 'Aovvdeтov, dissolutio, the omission of the copulative conjunctions; e. g., Cic., in Quintilian, ix., 3, 50, Qui indicabantur, eos vocari, custodiri, ad senatum adduci jussi. Correctio, έπavóρowσis, the correction of an expression just made use of; e. g., Cic., in Cat., i., 1, hic tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit, comp. atque adeo, § 734. Dubitatio, intentional doubt; to which the figure of an intentional forgetting and recalling to mind may also be added; e. g., ad Her., iv., 29, Tu istud ausus es dicere, homo omnium mortalium-nam quo te digno moribus tuis appellem nomine? [§ 824.] We must leave it to rhetoric to explain the figurae sententiarum: some of them, however, are, at the same time, figurae verborum; as, e. g., the question and the exclamation, which are of very frequent occurrence in Latin. We may also mention the addressing of absent persons or things without life (¿πоσтроpý); e. g., in Cic.. p. Mil., 31, Vos enim jam ego, Albani tumuli atque luci, &c.; farther, personification; as, e. g., Cicero in Cat., i., 7, introduces his native country as speaking; hyperbole, irony, simile, sentence, &c., whose manifold use must be learned from the writings of the best authors, with which we strongly advise the student to combine the study of the eighth and ninth books of Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria, and the excellent fourth book of the Author ad Herennium among Cicero's rhetorical writings. [§ 825.] We add, in conclusion, as an example for imitation, a very simple proposition, transformed according to the several figures mentioned above. The theme or subject is this, litteris delector. Geminatio. Litterae, litterae, inquam, solae me delectant. Repetitio. Litterae me puerum aluerunt, litterae me juvenem ab infamia libidinum servarunt, litterae virum in rep. administranda adjuverunt, litterae senectutis imbecillitatem consolabuntur. Conversio. Litterae honestissima voluptate oblectant, rerum novarum inventione oblectant, immortalitatis spe certissima oblectant. Complexio. Qui litteris delectatur, qui vero inveniendo de lectatur, qui doctrina propaganda delectatur, eum vos malum esse civem putatis? Traductio. Quid vis? Tune litteris delectaris, qui litter. aram fundamenta odisti? Polysyndeton. Litterae et crudiunt et ornant et oblectant et consolantur. Paronomasia. Qui possim ego litteris carere, sine quibus vitam ipsam agerem invitus? Ομοιόπτωτον, ὁμοιοτέλευτον. Num putas fieri posse, ut, qui litterarum studiis teneatur, libidinum vinculis obstringatur? 'AVTÍOETOV. Qui litteris delectari te dicis, voluptatibus implicari te pateris? 'Avтueтaboλn. Non quia delector, studeo litteris: sed quia studeo, delector. Gradatio. Studia mihi litterarum doctrinam, doctrina gloriam, gloria invidiam et obtrectationem comparavit. Aposiopesis. Quid? Tu audes hoc mihi objicere, qui nihil unquam invita expetierim nisi virtutem et doctrinam : tu quid expetieris-sed taceo, ne convicium tibi fecisse videar. Aoúvderov. Quid dicam de utilitate litterarum? Erudiunt, ornant, oblectant, consolantur. Correctio. Litterae me delectant: quid dico delectant? Immo consolantur, ut unicum mihi perfugium praebent inter has vitae laboriosae molestias. Dubitatio. Litterae me sive erudiunt, sive oblectant, sive consolantur: nam quid potissimum dicam nescio. APPENDIX I. OF METRE; ESPECIALLY WITH REGARD TO THE LATIN POETS. [§ 826.] 1. THE words of a language consist of long and short syllables. In measuring syllables, the time consumed in pronouncing a short syllable is taken as a standard, and this portion of time is called mora. A long syllable takes two morae, and is therefore, in this respect, equal to two short syllables. Which syllables, in the Latin language, are considered short, and which long, has been shown in Chap. III. From the combination of syllables of a certain quantity arise what are called Feet (pedes), of which there are four of two syllables, eight of three syllables, sixteen of four syllables, thirty-two of five syllables, &c., since the respective number of syllables admits of so many variations. For the sake of brevity, specific names have been given to those feet which consist of two, three, and four syllables, as well as to some of five: (a) of two syllables: Pyrrhichius; bone, pater, lege. - Spondeus; audax, constans, virtus. Iambus; potens, patres, legunt. Trochaeus, or Choreus; laetus, fortis, gaudet. (b) Of three syllables: Tribrachys; domine, dubius, legere. - Amphimacer, Creticus; fecerant, legerant, cogitans. Palimbacchius, Antibacchius; praeclarus, peccata, legisse. (e) Of four syllables: Proceleusmaticus; celeriter, memoria, relegere. runt. Y y |