40--2004ko Integer vitae scelerisque purus [§ 866.] The Alcaic strophe consists of the Alcaic hendecasyllabic verse twice repeated, a dimeter iambic hypercatalectic, and a logaoedic of two dactyls and two trochees. The Greek metre is the following: Horace strengthens the first three verses by spondees, making it his rule to use the long syllable in all the places in which, by the above scheme, it is allowed, with the exception of the syllaba anceps at the end of the verse, which remains anceps. The metre, therefore, according usage of Horace, is commonly given thus: to the 20020 It is, however, useful to keep the original Greek measure in view, because the Roman poet sometimes deviates from his own rule, just because it is arbitrary, using an iambus instead of the spondee at the beginning of the first three verses. (In the first verse of the strophe, i., 9, 1; 31,9; 35, 37; ii., 9, 5; in the second, i., 37, 22; ii., 1, 6; 14, 6; 19, 22; iii., 1, 2; 1, 26; 3, 34; 5, 22; in the third, i., 35, 15; 37, 15; ii., 3, 3; iii., 29, 11; but never in the fourth book.) But he never makes use of a short syllable before the caesura, according to Bentley's remark on Carm., iii., 2, 1; compare iii., 5, 17. The caesura of the Alcaic hendecasyllabus is always observed by Horace, and is an excuse for the hiatus; Carm., ii., 20, 13. The caesura, however, is sometimes made in a compound word; it very rarely (iv., 14, 17, and i., 37, 14) falls ou an uncompounded word of more than two syllables Horace is also careful in observing the caesurae, and accordingly does not use two, or, in the third verse, three, dissyllabic words one after another at the beginning. The hiatus between several verses is not unfrequent: the third and fourth verses are sometimes united by elision; as, e. g., in the last strophe of Carm., ii., 3, Omnes eodem cogimur, omnium Sors exitura et nos in aeternum APPENDIX II. THE ROMAN CALENDAR. [§ 867.] THE Roman names of the days of the month are entirely different from our own. Without entering here upon the manner in which, in the early times, the year was divided and defined, we shall commence at once with the Julian year and its division into months. According to this, the month of February in a common year had twenty-eight days; April, June, September, and November thirty, and the others thirty-one days. The days of these months are not reckoned in an uninterrupted series, from one to thirty or thirty-one, but are calculated backward from three days, which are fixed in every month. These three days are the first, fifth, and thirteenth, which are called by their Roman names, the Calendae, Nonae, and Idus, of a month. (The names of the months, as was remarked in § 38, are used as adjectives, and as such they are joined to the three feminine names just mentioned.) In the Roman system of counting from a certain point, this point itself is included in the calculation. Thus, e. g., the third day before the nonae, i. e., before the fifth of the month, is not the second of the month, but the third. Hence we may give it as a practical rule, that in calculating the days of the month, we must add one to the number from which we deduct. When the point from which we have to count backward is the first of the month (Calendae), it is not sufficient to add one to the number of days of the current month, but the Calendae itself must also be taken into the account, i. e., the num ber of days of the current month must be increased by two before we deduct from them. Hence, dies tertius ante Cal. Julias is the 29th of June, as June has thirty days. This is the cause of the whole apparent difficulty in calculating the Roman dates. But, besides this, we have to consider another peculiarity, which is a remnant of the ancient arrangement of the Roman year, ascribed to King Numa, viz., in the months of March, May, July, and October, the Nonae fall on the 7th, and the Idus on the 15th, instead of the 5th and 13th. In leap years (i. e., according to the Roman expression, every fifth year) February has one day more, but this intercalary day was not added at the end of the month, as is the custom in modern times, but was inserted in the place where formerly the intercalary month (mensis intercalaris) had been inserted to make the lunar year of King Numa harmonize with the solar year, that is, after the 23d of February, so that the 24th of February, i. e., the sixth day before the Calendae of March, was reckoned double, and was called bis sextus or bis sextum, whence the leap year itself was called annus bis sextus. On this subject, see the classical work of Ideler, Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie, Berlin, 1825, in the beginning of vol. ii. [§ 868.] Respecting the grammatical form of stating the day of a month the following points must be observed. The ablative indicates the time when a thing occurs; hence we say, e. g., die tertio ante Calendas Martias, but die and ante may be omitted, and we may say tertio Calendas, or in figures iii. Cal. Cicero and Livy, however, use a different form, either exclusively, or, at least, much more commonly than others; e. g., ante diem tertium Calendas, or Nonas, Idus (abridged a. d. iii. Cal.). This peculiarity, instead of the correct die tertio ante Calendas, cannot be explained otherwise than by the supposition that ante changed its place, and that afterward the ablat. was changed into the accusat., as if it were dependent on ante, while the real accusat. Calendas remained unchanged. Pridie, the day before, and postridie, the day after, are either joined with the genitive; as, pridie ejus diei, or, in the case of established calendar names and festivals, with the accusative, to which people were more accustomed; as, pridie Idus, pridie Compitalia, pridie natalem, postridie ludos Apollinares. [69.] This expression ante diem must be considered as an indeclinable substantive, since we often find it preceded by prepositions which govern the accusat. or ablat. ; 3. g., Cic., in Cat., i., 3, dixi ego idem in Senatu, caedem e optimatum contulisse in ante diem V. Cal. Novembris (or Novembres, is being probably only the ancient termination of the accusat., instead of es); Liv., xliii., 16, in ante dies octavum et septimum Calendas Octobres comitiis dicta dies; xlv., 2, supplicatio indicta est ex ante diem quintum Idus Octobres, cum eo die in quinque dies; and in the same manner postridie, e. g., Cic., ad Att., ii., 11, nos in Formiano esse volumus usque ad pridie Nonas Maias. [§ 870.] In order to facilitate the calculation of a date in the ancient calendar (such as it was established by C. Julius Caesar, in B.C. 45), we have annexed Bröder's table, in which the beginner may easily find his way. APPENDIX III. ROMAN WEIGHTS, COINS, AND MEASURES. 3 12 [§ 871.] 1. THE Roman pound (libra, pondo) is about of the Paris pound, that is, 11 ounces and 14 drachm. (According to Romé de l'Isle, it contained 6048 Paris grains; according to Cagnazzi, 6135; according to Letronne, 6154; according to Paucker and Böckh, 6165, 9216 of which make a Paris pound.) It is divided into 12 parts (unciae), and these twelve parts together are called an as. The names of the fractions are: is uncia (about an ounce in weight); sextans, that is, ; quadrans, that is, ; triens, that is, ; quincunx; semis or semissis, i. e., half an as; septunx; bes or bessis, i. e., two parts out of three, or ; dodrans, compounded from dequadrans, i. e., ; dextans or decunx; 11 deunx, i. e., one ounce less, scil. than an as. These names are also applied to other relations; thus we say, e. g., he was instituted heir ex dodrante; i. e., he received; ex deunce, he received of the whole property. An uncia contains 2 semiunciae, 3 duellae, 4 sicilici, 6 sextulae, 24 scrupula or scripula. One ounce and a half is sescuncia (from sesquiuncia). Compounds of as are tressis, 3 ases; octussis, 8 ases; decussis, 10 ases; centussis, 100 ases. [§ 872.] 2. The most ancient Roman money was of copper, and the as, as a coin, was originally a pound of copper coined. At the time when the Romans commenced to coin silver (some years before the first Punic war), the copper as was reduced, at first to ¿, afterward to, and at last to of the original weight, so that the coin which had originally weighed a pound of copper, was afterward only half an ounce in weight. Silver coins were the denarius, originally equal to 10 ases, and subsequently, after the reduction of the as to 12, equal to 16 ases. Half a denarius was called quinarius ; of a denarius sestertius, that is, originally 2 ases and a half (hence it is written HS; i. e., 2); but when the denarius had become equal to 16 ases, it was worth 4 ases. Silver coins of still smaller value were the libella, = |