Foca, quae proxume Carthaginem Numidia adpellatur. Dein utrique alteris freti finitumos armis aut metu sub imperium 'cogere, nomen gloriamque sibi addidere; magis hi, qui ad nostrum mare processerant: quia 'Libyes, quam Gaetuli, minus bellicosi: denique Africae pars inferior pleraque ab Numidis possessa est: victi omnes in gentem nomenque imperantium "concessere.

XIX. POSTEA "Phoenices, alii multitudinis domi minuendae gratia, pars imperii cupidine, sollicitata plebe et aliis novarum rerum avidis, "Hipponem, *Hadrumetum, Leptim aliasque urbis in ora maritima condidere: haeque brevi multum auctae, pars originibus praesidio, aliae decori fuere: nam de ?Carthagine silere melius puto, quam parum dicere; quoniam alio properare tempus monet. Igitur ad Catabathmon, qui locus Aegyptum ab Africa dividit, secundo mari, prima 'Cyrene est, co

9 Proxume Carthaginem. Ad being understood.

r Cogere. In some other editions coegere, which I should prefer to accord with addidere.

s Nomen. Renown, reputation.

Libyes. The meaning is, that the Numidians, when they removed to the Mediterranean, acquired glory by the conquest of the Libyans, who were less warlike than the Getulians.

" Concessere. Fell, sunk, merged into the nation, &c.

▾ Phanices Phoenicia was bounded east and south by Palestine, north by Syria, west by the Mediterranean. A part of the inhabitants of this country removed into Africa, after the conquest of Joshua.

W

Hipponem. This city was the birth place of St. Augustine, and has since been called Bonne.

x Hadrumetum. A town situated not far from Carthage, now called Mahometta.

y Leptim. There were two cities of this name; the greater between the two Syrtes, now Lebida in the Tripolitane, the lesser between the lesser Syrtes and Carthage, now Lempta. The former is here spoken of.

z Carthagine. Carthage was a famous city of Africa, situated a short distance from the modern Tunis.

a Secundo mari. Along the sea.

b Cyrene. Bounded east by Marmarica, west by Africa pro

lonia Thereôn, ac deinceps duae Syrtes, interque eas Leptis: dein Philenôn arae, fquem, Aegyptum versus, finem imperii habuere Carthaginienses: post aliae Punicae urbes. Cetera loca usque ad Mauretaniam Numidae tenent: proxume Hispaniam Mauri sunt: "super Numidiam Gaetulos accepimus partim in tuguriis, alios incultius vagos agitare; post eos Aethiopas esse; dein loca exusta solis ardoribus. Igitur bello Jugurthino pleraque *ex Punicis oppida, et finis Carthaginiensium, quos 'novissume habuerant, populus Romanus per magistratus administrabat: Gaetulōrum magna pars, et Numidia usque ad flumen "Mulucham, sub Jugurtha erant: Mauris omnibus rex Bocchus imperitabat, praeter nomen, °cetera ignarus populi Romani; itemque nobis neque bello, neque pace, antea cognitus. De Africa et ejus incolis ad necessitudinem rei satis dictum.

per, or the state of Tunis, part of the Mediterranean, and the greater Syrtis, north by the Mediterranean, and south by Libya inferior, or the deserts of Libya. Its chief city was called Cyrene, now Cairoan.

Thereon. The Greek genitive plural. The settlers in Cyrene came from Thera, an island in the Ægean sea, to the north of Crete.

d Syrtes. Two quicksands; the greatest is the eastermost, called also the gulf of Sidra; the lesser the westermost, called now the gulf of Cabes.

e Philenon. The Greek genitive plural.

f Quem. Locum understood; in some editions it is expressed. 8 Punica. Carthaginian; from the theme on, a palm tree. h Super Numidiam. Beyond Numidia, southerly.

Ethiopas. These, according to Sallust, inhabited the middle of Africa, from east to west.

k Ex punicis oppida. The more usual construction would be, ex punicis oppidis. Oppida is here governed by administrabat. i Novissume. Very lately.

m Numidia. In some editions Numide.

■ Mulucham. A river of Mauretania Tingitana, now called Moluchath, Molochath, Malva, or Mulva.

• Cetera. Quoad, quod ad, or secundum understood.

K

XX. POSTQUAM, regno diviso, legati Africa discessere, et Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt; certum ratus, quod ex amicis apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia Romae venalia esse, simul et illorum pollicitationibus accensus, quos paullo ante muneribus expleverat, in regnum Adherbalis animum intendit. Ipse acer, bellicosus: at is, quem petebat, quietus, imbellis, placido ingenio, opportunus injuriae, metuens magis, quam metuendus. Igitur ex improviso, finis ejus cum magna manu invasit, multos mortalis cum pecore atque alia praeda capit, aedificia incendit, pleraque loca hostiliter cum equitatu accedit; dein cum omni multitudine in regnum suum convertit, existumans dolore permotum Adherbalem injurias suas manu vindicaturum, eamque rem belli caussam fore. At ille, quod neque se parem armis existumabat, et amicitia populi Romani magis, quam Numidis fretus erat, legatos ad Jugurtham de injuriis questum misit: qui tạmetsi contumeliosa dicta retulerant, prius tamen omnia pati decrevit, quam bellum 'sumere; quia tentatum antea 'secus cesserat. Neque tamen eo magis cupido Jugurthae minuebatur; quippe qui totum ejus regnum animo jam invaserat. Itaque non, ut antea, cum praedatoria manu, sed magno exercitu comparato, bellum gerere coepit, et aperte totius Numidiae imperium petere. Ceterum, qua pergebat, urbis, agros vastare, praedas agere; suis animum, terrorem hostibus augere.

XXI. ADHERBAL ubi intellegit, eo processum,

P Placido. In some editions placidus.

9 Opportunus injuriæ. A fit subject of injustice; on whom injuries might be committed without danger.

Sumere. For assumere, or suscipere, to undertake.

s Secus cesserat.

Had not succeeded; had been unsuccessful.

uti regnum aut relinquendum esset, aut armis retinendum, necessario copias parat, et Jugurthae obvius procedit. Interim haud longe a mari, prope Cirtam oppidum utriusque consedit exercitus: et, quia "die extremum erat, praelium non inceptum. Ubi plerumque noctis processit, "obscuro etiam tum lumine, milites Jugurthini, signo dato, castra hostium invadunt; semisomnos "partim, alios arma sumentes fugant funduntque: Adherbal cum paucis equitibus Cirtam profugit, et, ni multitudo toga. torum fuisset, quae Numidas insequentes moenibus prohibuit, uno die inter duos reges coeptum atque patratum bellum foret. Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit, vineis turribusque et machinis omnium generum expugnare adgreditur; maxume festinans tempus legatorum antecapere, quos, ante praelium factum, Romam ab Adherbale missos audiverat. Sed, postquam senatus de bello eorum accepit, [tres adolescentes] in Africam legantur, qui ambo reges adeant, senatus populique Romani verbis nuncient, "velle et censere, eos ab armis

Cirtam. A Numidian city noted for being the royal seat of Syphax, and situated not far from the sea; by some supposed to be the same with Constantina.

Die. The old genitive for diei.

▾ Obscuro, &c. Before it was quite light.

w Partim. This adverb is often take adjectively for alios, &c. × Togatorum. The Romans were called togati, from the gowns which they wore; for a similar reason the Greeks were called palliati, and the Gauls braccati.

y Vineis. Machines in form of sheds, or mantlets, constructed of wood and hurdles, under cover of which the Roman soldiers worked the Ram, or advanced to the enemy's walls, to undermine them. The turres were structures of wood, of a square form, equal in height to the walls, or a little higher, rolled on wheels, and pushed forward by men behind them. On these armed men annoyed the besiegers.

z Velle et censere. The people were properly said, velle, to will a measure; the senate, censere, to determine after mature deliberation.

93749B

discedere; de controversiis suis jure potius, quam bello disceptare; ita seque illisque dignum fore."

XXII. LEGATI in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo magis, quod Romae, dum proficisci parant, de praelio facto et oppugnatione Cirtae audiebatur: sed is rumor clemens erat. Quorum Jugurtha accepta oratione respondit: "sibi neque majus quidquam, neque carius auctoritate senati: ab adolescentia ita enisum, uti ab optumo quoque probaretur: virtute, non malitia P. Scipioni, summo viro, placuisse: ob easdem artis ab Micipsa, non penuria liberorum, in regnum adoptatum: ceterum, quo plura bene atque strenue fecisset, eo animum suum injuriam minus tolerare: Adherbalem dolis vitae suae insidiatum ; quod ubi comperisset, sceleri obviam isse: populum Romanum neque recte, neque pro bono facturum, si ab jure gentium sese prohibuerint: postremo de omnibus rebus legatos Romam brevi missurum." Ita utrique digrediuntur. Adherbalis adpellandi copia non fuit.

XXIII. JUGURTHA, ubi eos Africa 'decessisse ratus est, neque, propter loci naturam, Cirtam armis expugnare potest; vallo atque fossa moenia circumdat, fturris exstruit, easque praesidiis firmat: praeterea dies, noctes, aut per vim, aut dolis ten

a Clemens. Mild, which lessened or softened the atrocity of the act.

b Oratione. Anciently an ambassador was called orator, and his embassy, message, or commission, oratio.

c Sese. The use of this pronoun here shows, that, when it was not absolutely necessary to determine the sense, the distinction between eum and se was not always maintained.

d Decessisse. Decedo and discedo are often used for each other.

e Vallo. Vallus signifies a stake, vallum a rampart, because the earth of which it was composed was kept together by stakes; and vallis, a valley, may have originally signified the hollow space whence the earth was dug to form the rampart.

f Turris. Turris signifies here a fixed turret, erected to secure