forms, only when formative syllables are added, and then much less frequently than in Heb.; e. g. Ny from hy,

The vowels most frequently omitted are Pattahh, Tseri and Hhireq.

d. Finally, vowels are inserted; (1) When two consonants would otherwise stand together without a vowel in the beginning of a syllable; as Supt from Sup, 7523 from 2. The vowel most commonly employed in such cases to facilitate pronunciation is Hhireq. But when the following consonant is a guttural, and has a composite Sheva, the preceding consonant takes the short vowel corresponding with this Sheva; as NIN, ON?.—(2) In cases like 7 Ez. 7: 18, 27 Ez. 4: 15, instead

T IT

where three consonants would come ;הֶחָרְבַת תַּעַבְדוּן of

together, in the beginning of a syllable, without a vowel.

Note. In case (1) the inserted vowel regularly belongs to the first of the two consonants which would have been without vowels. In the later Targums, a practice somewhat different prevails to considerable extent. Instead of a short vowel under the first consonant, a long vowel appears under the second; e. g. instead of 27 Gen. 3: 1. Ps. Jon. et passim. 2 instead of 2 Gen. 3: 24. Ps. Jon.

2

CHAP. II.

PRONOUNS.

8. Personal and Possessive Pronouns.

1. Personal pronouns are divided, as in Hebrew, into two classes, separate and suffixed. The former express, with some exceptions, the nominative case, and the latter the oblique cases.

TABLE OF THE SEPARATE PRONOUNS OR GROUND-FORMS.

Singular.

he 3. m.

ye

they

3. f.

(, איהִי, אִיהָא) היא (אַנְהֵי הִבֵּין), אין .she 3. f

2. The suffix (or inseparable) pronouns are appended to verbs, to the signs of cases (§ 60) and prepositions, or to nouns. In the last case they are usually translated by possessive pronouns, though the Genitive of personal pronouns would more exactly express them; exactly as in Greek, nang μov, &c. The following are the suffixes at

Which of the forms is to be used in each particular case, is explained in 16. where also will be found an explanation of the so-called Nun epenthetic, which is frequently inserted between the verbal form and its suffix.

3. The suffixes of nouns are divided again, into two classes, viz. those attached to nouns singular, and those attached to nouns plural. The latter are expressed somewhat lengthened forms, in which the of the plural termination commonly appears. They are generally the following.

Note 1. Twice, instead of appears N Dan. 4: 15. 5: 8; the Targumists wrote likewise Gen. 1: 12, 21. or with the full orthography Appended to the words 8, and which before suff. take the forms 1, etc., the suff. of the 2d and 3d per. sing. take the forms 7,,; which forms do not elsewhere occur as noun-suffixes. The same forms are attached to prepositions, (excepting such as are originally plural nouns, § 44. 2.) and to the signs of cases, n, etc.; as ",", n, etc. See below § 44.

Note 1. These suffixes are regularly appended however, only to plurals masculine. Indeed, it is from the termination of such nouns, that the "comes, which appears in the suffix of the 2d per. sing. and in all the plural suffixes. Feminines frequently take the sing. suff.,, etc. Gen. 20: 17. Dan. 2: 32. 5: 2. Ez. 4: 17. 6: 18. Is. 1: 4. Prov. 1: 18. Gen. 47: 9. In Syriac this is constantly the case. The Chaldee exhibits a medium between the usage of the Hebrew and that of the Syriac.

Note 2. The suffix 7 is in some editions written" or " Frequently it appears abbreviated 7 Dan. 5: 10. 2 Sam. 11:8, 24. Ps. 119: 4.—So also the feminine is in many editions written, so that the genders are not distinguished. Isa. 49: 18. Ven.

Note 3. The possessive pronoun may be expressed separately from its noun by appending suffixes to (comp. of the relative, and , sign of the dative case;) or, more rarely, to 7 (comp. of relative and 7, sign of the genitive case,) e. g., thy king, lit. the king who [is] to thee. Usage has however made these particles mere signs of the genitive; for even to them (relative) is prefixed.

Note 4. Prepositions which are originally plural nouns take the suf

.44.2 $ See . בֵּינִיכוֹן, עֲלוֹהִי, קָדָמוֹהִי בַּתְרֵי .fixes of pl. nouns; e. g

So also do n" [=Heb. ] and N, as; e. g. "n", "hin'g, Jin^23, and the suffix must be rendered in the nominative case.

(Gen. 37: 19.

$9. Other Pronouns.

1. The Demonstrative Pronouns are, sing. masc. 7 Job 9: 24.), 77, 777 (777 Jer. com. 127, 27, (727) 727 (Ps. 24: 6, 52: 8.); this, that; plur. com. 7, N, IN, TON these, those.

26: 9.); fem. 77, NT;

Note. With the Hebrew article, N, 777 (Ex. 20: 1.) are equivalent to our expressions this very, precisely this. So also are the forms

(.4 :1 .Ruth 21:16. Lam) אִיהָא, אִיהִיא, אִיהוּא

2. The Relative Pronoun is (as a prefix), or " (as a separate word), of both genders and both numbers. It designates regularly the Nominative or Accusative. How the other oblique cases are indicated, see in Syntax § 60. 3. The Interrogative Pronouns are expressed, sometimes, according to the Hebrew analogy, by 2 who? of persons, (whence for Prov. 20: 6. 27: 4.) and No (12) what? of things; sometimes, by prefixing the interrogative particle to the demonstrative pronoun; 77 m. The latter mode is rather more expressive, who

f אידא

indeed?

On the mode of designating the reflexive and reciprocal sense of pronouns, compare Syntax, § 49, 1.

CHAPTER III.

VERBS.

§ 10. Derivation and inflection of verbs generally.

1. Verbs, as in Hebrew, are generally primitive. A few are formed from nouns, and are called denomina

tives; e. g.
a root;

to eradicate,

to take root, from

to pitch a tent, from

=

to be acquainted, from

an acquaintance.

2 The roots of verbs consist, generally, of those consonants which are pronounced in one syllable with the vowel – under the middle radical. A few consist of four consonants [quadriliterals], and are pronounced with ——_; as The root is the third person singular masculine Praeter, and from this are derived, not only the other parts of the active voice, but a passive consisting of the same moods and tenses.

.to cover סַרְבֵּל

Other Conjugations.

3. As in Hebrew, other forms, derived from the root and analogous to it, are employed to express various These also are conmodifications of the original sense. jugated through an active and a passive voice. They are generally two, bup and up. These, as well as the ground-form, are called conjugations; so that we may reckon in Chaldee three usual conjugations, each incluFor the unusual ding an active and a passive voice.

conjugations, Shaphel, Poël, Pilel, see § 14.

4. Characteristics and signification of the conjugations. (1) The 2d conjugation or Paël is characterised, like the Hebrew Piel, by Dagesh forte in the 2d radical. (a)