6. Ittaphal. For this conjugation, which indeed elsewhere is seldom found, the biblical Chaldee constantly exhibits Hophal; e. g. Ez. 4: 15. Dan. 4: 33. 7: 11. (with Qamets Hhateph or Shureq).

13. Personal inflection of the Participles.

1. The Participles of all the conjugations, in order to supply the want of a Present tense, are, as in Hebrew, constructed with the separate Personal Pronouns of the first and second persons; e. g. NNP I kill. Beside

this mode, the Chaldee has one peculiar to itself, viz. to inflect the Participle by the addition of pronominal fragments, thus forming in fact a new tense. The two Participles Peal are, after this mode, inflected as follows.

2. In the biblical Chaldee a kind of passive preterite tense is in use, formed by appending the sufformatives of the Praeter to the Part. Peil. It takes the place of Ithpeel.

Comp. Dan. 5: 27, 28, 30. 7: 4, 16, 11. Ezra 5: 14. That these are not to be considered forms of Praeter Peal with is plain, partly from their passive signification, and partly from the fact that other forms of the same are usually employed in the Praeter in an active sense.

Qätelǎth, not qotlăth, § 2. 9. a. The learner should bear in mind that a knowledge of forms alone can enable him to distinguish Qamets Hhateph from Qamets.

$ 14. Unfrequent Conjugations and Quadriliterals.

1. As in Hebrew, certain unfrequent conjugations occur some of which are confined to particular classes of irregular verbs.

a. Poel and Ithpoal, especially in verbs ; characteristics, same as in Hebrew; e. g. pio Hos. 13: 5, 210 Num. 11: 12.

b. Polel and Ithpolal, in verbs ; e. g. 2 Ps. 75: 8. Dan. 4: 34. 21 Dan. 5: 23. Ps. 107: 25.

c. Palpel, formed by repeating the first and third rad

icals, and Ithpalpal; e. g. baba Gen. 11: 9.

2, (from

Done,

D) Judg. 3: 22. 7727 (from 717)
S$ 19, 22.

Ps.

143: 3. Comp.

Ez. 4: 12. Gen.

d. Shaphel and Ishtaphal; e. g.

49:10. 727

Gen. 49: 10. Sami Ez. 4:13.
49:10.

. Ez. 6: 15. is Shaphel from N. Gen. 2: 2 without N, Passive to procure the completion of a thing, to finish.

; עֵינֵי

2. Quadriliteral verbs follow usually the form of Paël ; egg Syr i g warnyoper Job 37:20. i. 570 20:15. Din to interpret. The origin of these verbs is to be explained, for the most part, as in Hebrew. See Gesenius Lehrgeb. p. 861, seq.

Note. Altogether peculiar is the verb
in Isa. 53:11. Inf. mang Dan. 3: 15.
Pass.
Gen. 32: 30. Syr. 10.

(1) Dan. 3:28. Fut. Part. ang Dan. 6:28.

This Chaldee form should

however be regarded rather as a kind of Poel than as a quadriliteral.

$ 15. Verbs with Gutturals.

1. The gutturals (N, 7, 7, 2, and to some extent also,) present the same peculiarities as in Hebrew. It will be sufficient therefore to give examples of the most important forms.

1. c.

2. Verbs Pe guttural. Peal, Praet. 7 f. 7722, Imp. 72, 73, Inf. 7272, 772, Fut. 7,

—Paël, Praet. 7≥7, Fut. 727-Ithpaal, 7278.——Aphel,

3. Verbs Ayin guttural. Peal, Praet. ; Imp. 172;

.Part ,יַחְפֶס יַחֲלִיף .Fut,אַחֲרִיב אַחְסֵן אַעֲבֵד .Praet .מחלף ;בְּחַן .Peal,

4. Verbs Lamedh guttural. Peal, Praet. fem.

Note 1. When the first radical of a verb Pe guttural happens to be , this letter is frequently dropped in Ithpeel when it would be without a vowel (i. e. would have a composite Sheva), and by way of compensation, n of the prefix takes Dagesh forte; e. g. 7 instead of Num. 15: 13. 35: 33.

==

Note 2. Verbs Lamedh guttural have the Praet. 3. sing. fem. sometimes terminating in or (the latter only in verbs) with the tone on the penult; e. g. 2 Gen. 30: 16. Dan. 5: 10. Z Gen. 16: 3.

ly

Note 3. When the 1st. radical takes a comp. Sheva, verbs and Dusually have Dan. 2: 9. Sol. S. 5: 3.; verbs and y, general

Note 4. Forms like Dan. 7: 22. belong not to Aphel but to Hiphil, and are Hebraisms.

§ 16. Regular Verbs with suffix Pronouns.

1. Of the suffixes given above in the table, § 8, 2. those which begin with a vowel, are generally appended to verbal forms terminating in a consonant; and vice versa, those which begin with a consonant, to verbal forms terminating in a vowel. The Imperative and Participles

must be excepted, as they frequently take those suffixes (of the 1st pers. sing. and plur.) which have no unionvowel; as shop,

2. The changes which verbs undergo in consequence of the accession of pronominal suffixes, respect chiefly the vowels, which are sometimes dropped, sometimes transposed. See Paradigm II.

(a) Peal, Praeter.

Before suffixes which have a union

as

vowel the 3d pers. sing. masc. has the form op Map he killed thee, wap he killed us, harp he killed them [those men]. Before and the original form 15 remains. The 3d pers. plur. becomes, (before 15 and 72, 73,) the 2d masc. 2. The d pers. sing. remains unchanged though in a for the fem. map, Jer. 15:10. takes the form

up, (rarely

few cases we have

The 1st pers. sing.

up, as Num. 23: 11.

the most part with the union-vowel ; e. g. "P we

killed him. (b) Future. The 3d fem., 2d masc., and 1st pers. sing. receive suffixes precisely like the 3d pers. masc. and that, for the most part, with Nun epenthetic. The 2d and 3d persons plural fem. take the form of the masculine, i. e. with suff. these forms are common. See Job 19: 15. Gen. 30: 13. Ex. 1: 16.

(c) Imperative. Forms with - in the 2d. pers. plur. masc. throw this vowel back to the first radical before suffixes ; e g h Ex. 16:25.

(d) The Inf. and Part. Peal, having the form of nouns, may take the suffixes either of verbs or of nouns ; as sep and Supp

(e) In all those persons of Paël and Aphel which terminate in the third radical, is dropped before suffixes which have a union vowel. The same takes place, (on account of the tone being thrown forward,) in the forms up, ups. The 2d pers. sing. fem., the 2d pers. plur. masc., and the 1st pers. plur. in the Praeter receive suffixes as in Peal.

(f) The Infinitives of all the conjugations except Peal take before suffixes the termination ; e. g. bp, p. (Sometimes, though rarely, this ending appears out of the suffix state. Ps. 102: 32. Num. 9: 17. Est. 1: 5.)

Note 1. An epenthetic is frequently inserted between the verb and the suffix. This is most common in the Fut. and Imp.; rare in the Praet. (ex. Ps. 16: 7. Isa. 63: 9. Gen. 6: 2. Jud. 13: 23. 2 K. 20: 13); and still less frequent in the Inf. (Prov. 22: 21. Sol. S. 6: 11.)

Note 2. In the Targum on Prov. appears an epenthetic ; e.g. , pan, 4: 6, 8.

17. Irregular Verbs generally.

1. Of these there are, as in Hebrew, two general divisions, defective and quiescent. The irregularity generally respects but one letter. Verbs which exhibit irregularity in two of their radicals are called doubly anomalous, § 24.

2. The first general division comprehends two classes, viz., and; the second, four, viz. ND, b (15), 1 (†), and. The last include also such verbs as in Hebrew belong to the class.

Note. The division of irregular verbs into defective and quiescent, is not of special importance, and is neglected by the most recent grammarians.

18. Verbs Pe Nun.

The irregularity in these verbs results from the same cause, and is almost throughout the same as in Hebrew.