CHAPTER IV. NOUNS. $27. Derivation of Nouns. 1. Nouns, in Chaldee as in Hebrew, are either primitive or derivative. The former are, for the most part, the same as in Hebrew, and are regarded as primitive for similar reasons. Comp. Gesenius Lehrgeb. p. 478. seq. Heb. Gram. § 316. The derivatives, constituting the great majority of nouns, are formed either from verbs, (which is generally the fact), and these are termed verbal; or from other nouns, and then they are called denominative. 2. Verbals derived from the Infinitive are generally abstract in signification, i. e. they express the action, and have the forms up, up, sup, bup, bup, Shop, Shop, Shop, Shop, Supp, etc.; those derived from Participles are generally concrete, i. e. express the actor, and have the .etc ,קְטוּל, קְטִיל, קְטִיל, קְטָל קְטֵל, קָטֵל forms = 3. Denominatives are generally formed by adding the termination "__ (^__), fem. _ (_); or. They are generally adjectives, especially ordinal numerals, or patronymic or gentile nouns; e.g." a foreigner, Egyptian, a rebel. Many feminine nouns in and are also denominative; e. g. an kingdom, from a king; 72 widowhood, from 72 a wid ow; a rooting out, extirpation, from a root. $ 28. Gender and number of nouns. 1. The genders are two, masculine and feminine. The latter generally terminate in N (—), 1 (11), "— (n"—), or . It should be noticed however that N is also the ,(=ית) termination of the emphatic state in masculines. Conse quently, in ascertaining the gender of nouns, the analogy of the other dialects and the sense are more certain guides than the mere form of a noun. Note 1. The termination is generally to be considered a Hebraism. It is regular in Chaldee, only in feminines derived from mascu . קַדְמַי fem. from קָדְמָאָה lines in ; as fire, Note 2. There are a considerable number of feminine nouns with masculine forms, mostly the same as in Hebrew; e. g. 7 a stone, a path, earth, 7 an ear, a sword. Some are common; e. g. ♫ a mark, & a vine, and the numerals from 20 to 100. 2. The numbers are two, singular and plural. The few dual forms which occur are to be regarded as Hebraisms. They occur only in the biblical Chaldee, terminating in the absolute state, in . See Dan. 2: 34. 7: 4. The dual in the other states cannot be distinguished from the plural. Compare Dan. 2: 33, 41. 7: 7. In the Targums the double members, etc. are expressed by the plural, and where the number two is required, is inserted. Plurals masculine end in 7, plurals feminine in 7 To most masculine nouns, viz. to those which terminate in a radical letter, the termination 7 is directly appended; e. g. a rock, pl. 7. But those which terminate in & derived from verbs 3, take those in " or "N- take 18. Feminines in change this ending directly into j; those in and change these terminations into 77 and 77; e. g. maze, na, plural 1732,1722; and finally, those in from masculines in form the plural in 77; e. g, = = As in Hebrew, there are also in Chaldee many nouns having the form of masculines in the sing. but of feminines in the pl., and vice versa ; In some nouns both terminations are in use, even in the same Targum; e. g. NEN, pl. 28 and 72;, pl. 17 and 17772, (as Sometimes the forms with different endings have different significations; e. g. from a voice, p thunders, Ex. 9: 23., voices, Ps. 93: 4. These examples should be distinguished from epicene nouns, or those which express both males and females, such as to, pl. 130 and 700. Sometimes feminines plural take an additional plural ending. So in Hebrew and Arabic; comp. Heb. Gram. 327. 5. Some nouns occur only in the plural; as ¡n life, 877 heaven; especially those which designate the different ages of life; as youth, though some of these occur in the singular, with the termination ♫. Others occur in the singular only; e. g. the names of the metals, 27 gold, iron, silver. But occurs in the sense of pieces of silver, Gen. 42: 25. $29. States of Nouns. 1. Besides the absolute and construct, which occur in Hebrew, nouns in Chaldee have also the emphatic state, in which they originally corresponded, in sense, to nouns in Hebrew with the article.* It has however come into use, in many cases, where the sense does not require the definite article. In Syriac, this liberty has been much more extensively taken. Note. The indefinite article is expressed, either simply by the absolute state, or by the numeral one; e. g. Dan. 2: 31. 6: 18. Ez. 4: 8. 2. Construct State. Characteristic terminations. a. Masculines plural change – into. The termination of the construct state of masc. nouns in the sing. does not differ from that of the absolute state. into b. Feminines in (7) change these endings into – in the sing., in the plur. const. Feminines in and resume their original in the const. sing., and in the plur. change 77 and into and 3. The emphatic state is characterised, in both genders and both numbers, by the ending N. (Masculines in __, which take in the emphatic state, constitute the only exception). a. To masculines singular (except such as terminate in — or "-), this termination is directly added; e. g. Did a horse, masculines in which end in the horse; substitute the letter for their final syllable, and those change this ending into ; e. g. Nha, ha; b. Feminines in N change & in the emph. sing. into ; e. g. N2, * So in Danish, Landene, the countries, from Lande, countries. Rask Danish Grammar, p. 14. Also in Albanian, Gour, stone; Gouri, the stone. Malte Brun Univ. Geog. vol. VI. p. 201. emph. 2, finally those in and appear in the emph. state with ,קַדְמָאָה .e. g ;יְת change this ending into אָה those in : מַלְכְּתָא .emph י . מַלְכּוּתָא .e. g ;-ית and את their original full endings c. In the plural, the masc. endings 7 and 72 are changed into N; as 2, 7" (from sing.") becomes "; as 7, emph. d. In feminines plur., the emphatic state is formed by adding *— -But such as termi . גָּלְיָתָא, מַלְכְּוָתָא, מְדִינָתָא .to the construct ; e. g nate in the sing. in (from masculines in ^_) resume here their original"; e. g. 27 from 272 · 4. Before suffixes [in the suffix state], nouns exhibit the following modifications. י = a. Derivative masc. nouns in change this ending into N before suff.; as from 272; those in N, (from verbs ) change this termination into moveable; as from 3. b. All masc. plur. nouns drop the ending 7 (7) and then take the suff. of nouns plural. in c. Feminines in N change N into in the sing.; as n from of 30. Declension of Nouns. Since no vowels are dropped, except those of the final syllable of ground forms, (comp. § 7. c.), and since changes any kind are less frequent than in Hebrew, (the first vowel of the ground form remaining throughout invariable, except in monosyllables and segholate forms), fewer modes of declension would naturally be expected, than appear in Hebrew. Accordingly we reckon in Chaldee nine declensions, six of masculine, and three of feminine nouns. 56 §§ 31. 32. NOUNS; FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. $31. First Declension. The first declension includes all nouns which have all their vowels immutable. It comprehends, (a) Nouns which have, or consonant; as a fish, a day, near. before their final קָרִיב,a head רִישׁ In a few nouns which would seem to belong to (a), the quiescents are treated as fulcra. Such belong to Dec. IV. e.g. 2 Num. 25: 15. Pseudo-Jon. instead of N. (b) Nouns which have good, a thief. in their final syllable; as Note 1. Nouns with in the ultimate are chiefly of six classes. (1) Nouns derived from verbs 1; e. g. bp,, (Heb. bip, ain); ; (שָׁלוֹם .Heb), שְׁלָם, כְתָב Nouns of the form (2) (3) Nouns of the form 42, (Arabic, Heb. with impure); (4) Nouns like bp, (Heb. with pure), and p; (5) Nouns which have the formative ending; as (Arab. in all the inflections, and = Nouns of the fourth, fifth, and sixth classes sometimes take instead of in the construct sing., and before the suff. 7 and jin. Elsewhere the is retained. The punctuation of these nouns is however variable; and as they present no other irregularity, and are not very numerous, they may better be regarded as exceptions from Dec. I. than as forming a separate declension. Note 2. There are also a few nouns, (principally of the form bip), having Qamets in the penultimate, which are sometimes varied according to the first declension, but sometimes drop their penultimate vowel, out of the absol. sing. $32. Second declension. The second declension includes nouns with final or either monosyllabic, or having the preceding vowels im This .מִסְפָּר, עָלָם, שֵׁם יַד mutable ; as |