d. The intermediate numbers 21-29, 31-39, etc. are expressed by simply placing the smaller number after the larger, connected by 1;

.twenty one, etc עַסְרִין יַחֲדָא .fem, עַסְרִין וְחַד .e. g. masc 400,תְלָת מְאָה 300, מָאתָן, מָאתַיִן 200, מְאָה e. One hundred

, etc. the prefixed units being feminine; 1000, 2000

; etc. the prefixed units being masculine ,תְּלָתָא אַלְפִין 3000, תְּרִין אַלְפִין .11 :4 .Jon, תַּרְתָּא עַסְרֵי רִבְוָן 120,000, רִבּוֹ 10,000

.(שְׁנַיִם .comp. Heb), תִּנְיָן second

2. Ordinals. The first two have peculiar forms, viz. first ",

a. From third to tenth they are formed by adding to the cardinals

"— ("N__) for the masc., and N or N

=

b. From eleventh to nineteenth the contracted into one word; e. g. " twelfth, etc.

for the fem.

units are prefixed to, but eleventh, Num. 25: 8. "

For

c. Above 20, as in Heb., cardinals and ordinals are the same. the mode of designating distributives and numeral adverbs see § 65. 4, 5.

CHAP. V.

PARTICLES.

$43. Adverbs.

1. The following are primitive; where?" when? also, there, not.

2. Derivatives with characteristic ending; by day, N2 to-day, NEON carefully,

in Aramean (Aga

3. Other parts of speech used adverbially;

a. Substantives, either with prepositions; as in short, shortly, Napa in truth, truly, T immediately; or without them; as

wholly, Nn below.

b. Verbal forms, viz. Inf. and Part.; as 2 backwards, n again, once more.

c. Adjectives, numerals, and pronouns; e. g. 12 [firm] truly, thus, etc. NT [as one] together, [like what?] how! how very!

[to here] עַד־כָּה ? when אֵימָתַי ? hoo אֵיכְדֵין ;Compound adverbs .4 לָא] לֵית,thence מִתַּם ? whence מֵהֵיכָא,from here] hence] מִכָּה,hitherto

] there is not. For the mode in which the last, as well as ", takes pronominal suffixes, see § 8. 3. II. Note 4.

5. A simple question is expressed by the prefix, (before a consonant with Sheva, simple or composite, ). Pronouns or adverbs express an interrogative sense by prefixing ", e. g. " whence?" who? comp. §9. 3. Before interrogative adverbs" is intensive; as "n", to which I believe our language has nothing precisely equivalent, unless it be the questionable phrase, where in the world?

$44. Prepositions.

1. The following are originally prepositions:

(a) The inseparable, 2, and prefixed to nouns and pointed with before simple Sheva; as; before a word, the first letter of which has a composite Sheva,

::

In לַעֲנִי, בֶּאֱנָשׁ with a corresponding short vowel; as

.23 :5 .Dan לאלהא

the latter case, contraction sometimes takes place; as

(b) The separable monosyllables,,, which before nouns, appear as separate words. They take pronominal suffixes without change; as

.with me לותי

Instead of prefix, appears the separate form "2, Sol. S. 1: 9. 13. 2. Words employed as prepositions but originally nouns or other parts of speech; viz. without, (compounded of the adv. No and ≥),

[part] from, of, bp and p before, 7 between, instead of, ninn under, b and by on account of. These, (with the exception of the first,) and some others, are originally nouns, and conform to the analogy of nouns, in receiving suffixes; sometimes,

a. Having feminine forms; e. g. N. But a retains the masc. form before in and i; or

.etc , בַּתְרוֹהִי קָדָמַי, עֲלַיִךְ .b. Having plural forms; e. g

3. Compound prepositions; 2, bapt, zeba.

64

§§ 45. 46. CONJUNCTIONS—INTERJECTIONS.

$45. Conjunctions.

:

1. Primitive conjunctions are and, as, that (before Fut.), 7:1 if, since, because, i or. Borrowed from other parts of speech

עַד דִי,that not דִּלְמָא or דִי לָא that. Compounded דִי ,so לָהֵן,but בְּרַם

until, and because, 777 by therefore, 7777 after.

2. The inseparable conjunctions, 7, and are prefixed like the prepositions, $ 44.1. a. Vav, before consonants with Sheva, also before, , and, is pointed. When is prefixed to the Fut. the preformative of the latter is dropped; e. g. instead of bp. See below § 50. 2.

$46. Interjections.

1. These are for the most part primitive; e. g. N lo!", "12 would that! oh that!" wo! (comp. Lat. vae).

2. Some are borrowed from other parts of speech; e. g. 11 come on! (Imp. from 7), I pray! [lit. in entreaty], bi wo! (from ban to destroy).

PART III.

SYNTAX.

CHAP. I.

SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.

$47. Personal Pronouns.

1. The separate pronouns sometimes supply the place of the substantive verb, or at least render the use of that verb unnecessary; e. g. 12 we are [lit. we they], Ez 5:11; N NINI [am] the seer, 1 Sam. 9: 19. Most frequently is the verb omitted when the

joined to a participle.

T -:

pronoun is

The reason of this omission of the substantive verb, in such cases, seems to be this. These pronouns have a certain strength, an inherent emphasis, (so to speak), unattainable in English, on account of the frequency with which we are compelled to use them in the ordinary inflection of verbs.

2. The suffixes are used in Chaldee as in Hebrew, comp. Heb. Gr. §§ 470-473. The pleonastic use of suffixes, where the noun to which they relate immediately follows, is more frequent here than in Hebrew. Heb. Gram. §§ 543–545.

Note. Even the separate pronouns are sometimes used in the same

manner.

3. Anomalies likewise are the same as in Hebrew; e. g. masc. for fem. Ruth 1:8,9, 2, (referring to the daughters-in-law of Naomi); suff. of pl. nouns appended to sing. nouns, as in Num. 24: 7, kingdom, the latter probably a result of the full orthography, ly a mater lectionis.

ny his

being on

§ 48. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns.

1. The relative pronoun, (as a prefix ), corresponds to the Hebrew ; e.g. with noun suff. forming a Gen., down nb 17, WHOSE language thou shalt not understand; with the adverb of place, 72...., sometimes -Hebrew Du...., where.

2. The interrogative appears as a Genitive, where a noun immediately precedes it in the construct state; e. g. 2 WHOSE daughter art thou? Gen. 24: 23.

$ 49. Mode of designating pronouns for which specific forms do not occur in Chaldee.

1. Reflexive and reciprocal. These senses are indicated,

a. Simply by passive verbs;

b. By the personal pronouns; e. g. Judg. 20: 40. The Benjamites looked in behind them [i. e. behind themselves, the English_usage being analogous].

9:14; Gen. 18: 12, Sarah laughed within herself. So himself, Ruth 3: 8.

2. Indefinite. Some one , something Dan,

upon thyself, Ex.

(=Hebrew

also ,לָא מְדַעַם mothing, לָא חַד, לָא אֲנָשׁ So no one . מִדַּעַם and (דָּבָר .6 :6 Job לָא מֵידִי

3. Demonstrative. Sometimes by N, N, or with the Hebrew

A peculiar mode of designating the same idea הַהִיא, הַהוּא article

is to attach a suffix to the preceding word; e. g. N

at that time, (lit. in it, the time), comp.

Dan. 3: 8,

Sol. S. 1: 13.

Other forms might be mentioned, but they will occasion no difficulty which the analogy of the Hebrew will not readily solve.

CHAP. II.

SYNTAX OF VERBS.

$50. Use of the tenses.

1. The same variety of signification exists here as in Hebrew. Thus the Praeter sometimes, (especially in verbs of existence or condition,) corresponds to our Pres