first edition was published at Milan, in 1476, folio, under the title, Papiae Vocabularium, etc. A more important work in the history of Latin lexicography is the celebrated Catholicon, compiled about A. D. 1286, by Giovanni Balbi, (otherwise known as de Janua or Januensis,) a monk of the order of the Preaching Brothers. The Catholicon is a sort of encyclopedia, and treats of various matters, and contains a copious Latin grammar and dictionary, with abundant quotations from Latin writers. Hallam (Lit. of Eur.) claims higher credit for this work than was generally accorded to it, and thinks that the grammar not only shows "familiarity with the terminology of the old grammarians," but indicates "that a certain attention was beginning to be paid to correctness in writing." As is the case in Papias "little distinction was made between the different gradations of Latinity." How fully Balbi shared the ecclesiastical spirit of his age is shown by his language at the conclusion of the work, where he tells us that with much labor and diligent study he had compiled this book to the glory of God and the glorious Virgin Mary, etc. Its great bulk must, at that time, have greatly restricted its circulation, and it is now chiefly notable for having been one of the works first selected for publication by the founders of the typographic art. The first edition, printed at Mayence in 1460, in folio, by Faust and Schaeffer, is extremely rare and commands a very high price. The Comprehensorium (whose author is only given as Joannes) published at Valentia, in 1475, folio, and the Onomasticon of Nestor Dionysius, published at Milan, in 1483, in folio, are classed among Latin dictionaries belonging to this early period. The Latin dictionaries thus far compiled, as well as some subsequent ones, give explanations in Latin only. About A. D. 1440, Galfridus Grammaticus, an English Dominican monk, compiled the work known as the Promptorium Parvulorum, which was printed by Pynson, in 1499, and was the first printed vocabulary wherein we find inserted words from a modern vernacular tongue, answering to the Latin ones, the English words in this being followed by their supposed Latin equivalents. Eight editions were published from 1508-28, and recently, under the auspices of the Camden Society, an edition by Albert Way has been brought out in three volumes, 4to., 1835-65. To the same author probably belongs

the Medulla Grammaticis, written in 1483 and printed as the Ortus Vocabulorum by Wynkyn de Worde, in 1500. Thirteen editions from 1509-23.

Nicolo Perotti, Archbishop of Siponto, was the author of the Cornucopiae, which consists of a very prolix commentary on certain portions of the poet, Martial, followed by an alphabetical index. It is not a dictionary proper, but a treasury of erudite, undigested materials, from which Calepino and other lexicographers have drawn largely. By setting the example of quoting passages from the classics to support the explanations given, it led the way to great advance in exegesis. The date of compilation is not known, but the first edition was published at Venice in 1489, folio.

The invention of printing and the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, with the consequent dispersion of learned Greeks throughout Western Europe, were events nearly contemporaneous, and alike exerted a powerful influence in giving new impulse to the literary spirit then awakening from the torpor of the Middle Ages. It was at this period that Ambrogio Calepino, an Italian monk of the order of the Augustines, began the preparation of the Latin dictionary to which he devoted the labor of his life until blindness supervened, and which, despite many defects and manifest inferiority to others that followed, was superior to any preceding one, and met for the time, inadequately it may be, the enlarging demands of the new order of things. It was used by scholars every-where during the sixteenth century, and the numerous editions testify to the earnestness of the popular appreciation, if not to its real merits. Calepino has been charged with using too freely materials gathered by the labors of others, especially Valla and Perotti, but no discredit, but rather praise, should attach to the lexicographer who carefully searches for and skillfully appropriates whatever he finds adapted to his purpose, provided due acknowledgment be made. For in this way only can we hope to approximate step by step to the highest grade of a dictionary. He was, like his predecessors, deeply imbued with the Church sentiment, and earnestly defended the Latinity of the fathers against the criticisms of the Ciceronians.* His Dic

* Plus apud me Ambrosii, Hieronymi, vel Augustini gravitas et doctrina valet et Graecorum quam L. Vallae studiosa reprehensio.

tionarium, first published at Reggio, (1502,) was enlarged in succeeding editions, by adding to the original explanations corresponding ones in other tongues, until in the Lyons' edition of 1586 it appeared as a polyglot in ten languages, and in that of Basle, 1590-1627, in one of eleven. Facciolati reduced the number to seven, revised, improved, and published it at Padua, in 1718, two volumes, folio. Of this revision there have been many reprints, sometimes with new title-pages. Hallam says of this work, "It is still, if not the best, the most complete polyglot lexicon of the European languages."

The historical sketch of the principal Latin dictionaries produced in the sixteenth century begins with one whose appearance dates an epoch in the history of Latin lexicography, and gave new impulse to the zeal for the study of the ancient classic writings which marks so strikingly the literary activity of this century. The elder Robert Stephens (Estienne or Etienne in French) belonged to the famous family of French printers, editors, and publishers, of whom Disraeli (“Cur. of Lit.,") thus writes: "There was not one of this large family without honorable recognition for labor and knowledge, and in their wives and daughters they found learned assistants. Chalmers says, 'They were at once the ornament and reproach of the age in which they lived. They were all men of great learning, all extensive benefactors to literature, and all persecuted or unfortunate."" Himself a man of great learning for the time, well versed in Hebrew, Greek and Latin, of practiced skill in the printer's art, possessed of good, sound sense and of untiring industry, and, withal, a Protestant, and therefore free from that undue deference to the Fathers as models of purity and style which detracts so from the value of Balbi and Calepino, Stephens was fitted to prepare (using the words of Collier's Morery) "the most compleat dictionary that ever had been seen till then of the Latin tongue." His Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (first edition, 1531-32; the last from his hands, 1543, three volumes, folio) was the product of great labor and research, and has been to after compilers an invaluable repertory of material. Its distinguishing features are an endeavor to foster purity of style by exhibiting the proper use of words as well in the anomalies of idioms as in the delicate variations of sense as found exemplified in the best writers;

a copious citation of examples, alphabetically arranged, but lacking exact reference to the authors, and definitions and explanations in French. While far in advance of previous ones, it cannot be called a scientific dictionary, and "would now be deemed far too defective for general use; yet it afforded the means for more purity in style than any could in that age have reached without unwearied exertion."-Hallam. The sentiment in favor of the classic standards of Latinity was further strengthened by the special dictionary to Cicero of Mario Nizzoli, (Latinized Nizolius,) whose original title of Observationes in M. Tullium Ciceronem (Brescia, 1535) did not indicate its true character, and was changed to Thesaurus Ciceronianus in the Aldine edition of 1570, and following ones, until in Facciolati's edition (Padua, 1754) it appeared as Lexicon Ciceronianum, which title is followed in the London edition of 1820, three volumes, 8vo. Notwithstanding faults severely criticised by Henry Stephens, this work has been regarded as an excellent one, and, in improved issues, maintained its popularity even into this century. John Fries, (Latinized Frisius,) a learned Swiss, with the aid of Stephens' Thesaurus, and the co-operation of Pierre Cholin, compiled a Latin-German dictionary, (published at Turin, 1541,) which was so favorably received that he was led to prepare and publish a new and enlarged one at Zurich, 1556, folio, of which numerous editions followed. The Thesaurus eruditionis scholasticae of Basil Faber, designed to aid composers in imitating classic authors, was a work of originality and extensive and exact learning which still make it worthy of attention, but was inadequate as a general dictionary. (First edition, Leipsic, 1571; the best, that by Leich, Frankfort, 1749, two volumes, folio.)

Several Latin dictionaries were published in England during this century, but none of any conspicuous merit or originality. That by Sir John Elyot, (1538, fol.,) mainly an adaptation of Calepino's, whom, however, he censures for having "rather appaired that which Perotti had studiously gathered," claims the distinction of being the first Latin-English dictionary published in England. Richard Huloet's Abecedarium, etc., (1552, fol.,) a Latin and English dictionary, was enlarged and corrected by John Higgins, (1572, fol.) Thomas Cooper, Bishop of Lincoln, who had previously edited Elyot's dictionary, published a The

saurus Linguæ Romanæ et Brittannica, (1565, fol.,) of which Elyot's was the foundation, and the materials mostly drawn from Stephens and Frisius. It is a philological curiosity. John Baret, a Cambridge scholar, published under the quaint title of Alvearie, (Beehive,) a dictionary in English, Latin, and French, (1575, fol.,) which he enlarged by the addition of Greek, and republished (1580, fol.) as Alvearie, or, Quadruple Dictionarie. A Dictionnaire Latinè et Anglicè, by J. S. Veron or Vernon, (1575, 4to.,) was "corrected and enlarged for the utilitie and profit of all young students in the Latin tongue," by R. Waddington, etc., (1584, 4to.) We mention also Thomaşii (Thoma) Dictionarium Linguae et Anglicana; etc., (Cambridge, 1589, 8vo.,) and John Withals' Shorte Dictionnarie for Yonge Beginners, (1568, small 4to.,) "revised and increased with phrases and additions by L. Evans, with more than 600 rhythmical verses, proverbs, etc., by Abr. Fleming," (1599, 4to.)

The classical scholars of the seventeenth century devoted themselves more to general philology than to the task of compiling dictionaries. The names of Erasmus, the Scaligers, Martinius, and Vossius give importance to their opinions on grammar and etymology, though, judged in the light of the present day, many of their conclusions bear witness to the low state of philological science then. Their labors stimulated further inquiries, and paved the way to the progress since made in these respects. The Lexicon Manuale Græco-Latinum of Screvel (better known by his Latinized name of Schrevelius) is the only general dictionary compiled in this period which we need mention. First published in 1654, (one vol., 8vo.,) it went through numerous editions and adaptations, and was extensively used, notwithstanding its arbitrary selection of words, insufficient explanations, and absurd etymologies. Of special dictionaries, we mention the etymological ones by Holyoake, Martinius, Vossius, and Danet; that to Plautus by Pareus; the Hierolexicon of Magri, a dictionary of ecclesiastical Latin; and the Thesaurus Epithetorum et Synonymorum, afterward published as the Gradus ad Parnassum. But the most important and valuable work of this class originating in this century we shall notice more at length; namely, the "Glossary of Medieval and Low Latinity," by du Cange. Charles du Fresne, Sieur du Cange, a French historian, antiquarian, and philologist, born in 1610,