Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

action activity addition adenylate cyclase arterial binding biological blood flow Bloom brain caused cell bodies cells central cerebral changes chloride colon concentrations contain cyclic AMP demonstrated determined distribution dogs edited effect of VIP endocrine epithelial evidence extracts Fahrenkrug fibers function Gastroenterology gastrointestinal gland glucagon glucose guinea pig hormone human hypothalamus increase indicate induced infusion inhibition inhibitory intestinal peptide VIP intestinal polypeptide VIP isolated jejunum levels localization mean mechanism membranes mucosa Mutt Nature nerves nervous neurons normal observed occur pancreatic peripheral Physiol physiological pituitary plasma porcine position possible preparation present Press production protein receptors relaxation release reported response role Rosselin Schaffalitzky de Muckadell secretin secretion sequence showed significant similar smooth muscle specific stimulation structure studies suggest Sundler Table tion tissue tract transport tumors vasoactive intestinal peptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide vessels VIP immunoreactive vitro