PAGE 3. Sub pellibus, in the tents, lit., under skins; i. e., the skins with 58 which the Roman tents were covered. 5. In Aulercis; construe with in hibernis collocavit. 6. Quae proxime... fecerant, which had last made war upon him, viz., the Veneti, the Venelli, and the Sontiates. BOOK FOURTH. CAMPAIGN OF THE YEAR 55 B. C., IN THE CONSULSHIP OF 1. EXPEDITION INTO GERMANY. I.-XIX. II. EXPEDITION INTO BRITAIN. XX.-XXXVI. III. WAR WITH THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII. XXXVII., XXXVIII. I.-III. Two German Tribes come into Gaul. 1. Hieme; construe with transierunt. G. 429.-—Qui fuit... con- 59 sulibus, this (lit., which) was the year when Gnaeus Pompey and Marcus Crassus were consuls. This is somewhat parenthetical, but is added to show to what year these events belong. -Qui; G. 453. 2. Germani, Germans; i. e., a German tribe. 4. Quo, into which; lit., whither. 5. Quod ab ... prohibebantur. This clause supplies the place of a predicate noun after fuit. G. 362. — Suebis. The Suebi occupied a vast tract of country extending from the Baltic to the Danube and from the Elbe to the Vistula. 9. Singula millia, each a thousand; lit., single thousands; i. e., a thousand apiece. 11. Illos, those; i. e., the warriors. - Hi, these; referring to reliqui. 16. Maximam partem, for the most part. G. 378, 2.- Lacte; G. 420. 17. Quae res, and this fact; referring to the mode of life just mentioned. - Res; subject of alit, efficit. 18. Quod ... faciant. This explains libertate vitae. — Nullo officio PAGE 59 assuefacti, accustomed to no duty; lit., accustomed, trained in (by 60 means of) no duty. 20. Faciant; G. 516, II.-Magnitudine; G. 419, II. 22. Locis frigidissimis, though their country (lit., places) is exceedingly cold. G. 431. — Vestitus; Partitive Genitive with quidquam. 25. Magis, eo, ut, the more for this reason, that. — Quae. Supply ea, as the antecedent of quae and as the object of vendant. 26. Quibus. Supply eos, as the antecedent of quibus and the object of habeant. Quam quo, than because. 27. Jumentis depends upon utuntur. 30. Haec... ut sint efficiunt, these they make, by daily exercise, capable of the greatest labor. — Haec; i. e., haec jumenta, is the antecedent of quae and the subject of sint. 1. Ut sint; G. 500.- Laboris; Predicate Genitive. G. 401. 2. Pedibus, on foot; lit., on their feet. G. 425, 1, 1). 4. Moribus; G. 416. 8. Ea re, by this; lit., by this thing; i. e., wine. 11. Significari. Supply putant. 13. Una ex... a Suebis, in one direction from the Suebi. 15. Ut est... Germanorum, according to the German standard; lit., as is the capacity of the Germans ; i. e., so far as a German state can be ampla atque florens. 16. Ejusdem... ceteris, than the others of the same race; i. e., than the other Germans. 19. Hos; the object of expellere. It refers to the Ubii. IV. The Usipetes and the Tencteri seize the Territory of the Menapii. 24. In eadam causa, in the same condition; i. e., the same as the Ubii. 30. Trans flumen, on the other side of the river; i. e., on the German side. 33. Vi contendere, to accomplish their object by force. 36. Itinere; G. 431.- Equitatu; G. 420. 61 2. His, eorum. These words refer to the Menapii, who had returned to their homes. 6. Eorum copiis, upon their stores; i. e., upon the stores of provisions which the Menapii had collected for their own use. V., VI. Caesar prepares to carry the War into Germany. 8. Mobiles, impulsive, changeable. PAGE 9. Nihil his committendum, that no confidence should be reposed in 61 them; ie., at such a crisis. 10. Est... consuetudinis, is a Gallic custom. G. 401.-Ut... cogant. This clause is in apposition with hoc, while at the same time it denotes result. G. 501, III. 11. Ut connects quaerant to cogant. 12. Audierit; G. 529, I. 13. Mercatores; object of circumsistat. G. 372.-Vulgus circum sistat, cogant. Observe the change of number. G. 461, 1, note 2. 16. Quorum; G. 409, III. 18. Et plerique... respondeant, and since most persons give them answers adapted to their desires. 19. Ne graviori... occurreret, that he might not encounter a more formidable war. Caesar feared that the Gauls would unite with the Germans. 20. Ad exercitum, to the army, which was at the time in winter quarters. See p. 58, line 7. He himself probably spent the winter, in accordance with his usual custom, in Northern Italy or Cisalpine Gaul. 23. Uti... discederent, to withdraw from the Rhine; i. e., to come into the interior of Gaul. 24. Quae postulassent, which they (the Germans) might demand. G. 525, 2.- Fore depends upon a verb of saying implied in invitatos. G. 523, 1. 28. Dissimulanda. Supply esse. See Syn. L. C. 605.-Permulsis et confirmatis. He soothed and encouraged them as if he supposed them perfectly true to him. 29. Equitatu imperato. Caesar depended upon the Gauls for cavalry. 30. Constituit, made known his purpose. VII.- IX. Caesar's Interview with the German Embassy. 32. Quibus in locis. See note on quibus itineribus, p. 3, line 33. 38. Resistere. Supply iis referring to quicumque. 2. Posse. Supply se.-Sibi, to them; i. e., to the Germans. 3. Attribuant, patiantur; Imperative in the Direct Discourse. G. 523, III. 5. In terris, in the world; lit., in the lands. 7. Quae; object of respondere, to be supplied. 8. Exitus, the conclusion. — Sibi; G. 387. 9. Qui. Supply eos as antecedent. 14. Hoc se. Se is the subject and hoc the object of imperaturum (esse.) 62 PAGE 62 18. Propius se, nearer to them. G. 437, 1. 21. Trans Mosam, across the Meuse; i. e., to the western side of the river. Caesar was at this time between the Rhine and the Meuse. 63 X. Description of the Rhine and the Meuse. 24. Ex... Vosego, qui ... Lingonum, from Mount Vosges, which is in the territory of the Lingones; i, e., from that part of the Vosges which is thus situated, as only a portion of it is in the territory of the Lingones. 25. Parte... recepta. This refers to the left branch of the Rhine, called the Waal, which forms a junction with the Meuse. 26. Insulam Batavorum. This island, triangular in form, is bounded on the north-east by the Rhine, on the south by the Waal and the Meuse, and on the west by the North Sea. See Map. 29. Longo spatio, a long distance. G. 425, II., 1. 30. Citatus, with a swift current. 33. Sunt, qui, there are some who. G. 445, 5. 34. Piscibus; G. 420. XI-XV. Caesar defeats the Germans with great 37. Ut...constitutum. See line 17 above. 38. Congressi, having met him (Caesar). i.e., that 3. Sibi... faceret, that he would grant them the privilege. 5. Sibi... fecissent, would give them security by an oath; they would receive them into their territory, as Caesar had proposed. See p. 62, line 12. Fecissent; G. 525, 2. 7. Daret; Imperative in Direct Discourse. G. 523, III. 8. Eodem illo, to that same object; i. e., the same as their other proposal, p. 62, line 22. It is, however, more fully explained in the following clause, ut equites reverterentur. 11. Huc, hither; i. e., to the place where he would then be. 13. Praefectos; i. e., the prefects of cavalry. 14. Qui nuntiarent; Subj. of Purpose. G. 497. The antecedent is quosdam, the omitted object of mittit. 15. Sustinerent, to sustain the attack; i. e., to act on the defensive. 21. Legati eorum, their ambassadors; i. e., the ambassadors of the Germans. 23. Rursus resistentibus, when our men in their turn resisted. Supply nostris. 30. Genere; G. 415, II. 31. Amicus. See note on amicus, p. 2, line 32. 3. Exspectare; subject of esse in the next line. 4. Dementiae esse; G. 401. 6. Hostes, the enemy; i. e., the Germans. Auctoritatis; construe with quantum. 8. Legatis et quaestore. See note on legatos et quaestorem, p. 28, line 11. 9. Diem pugnae, day suitable for battle; lit., day of battle. G. 393, note. 10. Postridie ejus diei; G. 398, 5. 13. Ut dicebatur, as they said; lit., as was said; i. e., by them. Sui purgandi; G. 542, I., note. 14. Contra atque esset dictum, contrary to what had been agreed upon. G. 554, I., 2. 16. Fallendo, by deceiving him. — Quos; subject of oblatos (esse). According to Caesar's account the Germans were guilty of the basest violation of good faith. It is entirely possible, however, that Caesar was deceived, and suspected treachery when none was really intended. Some have even supposed that he availed himself of this attack upon his cavalry as an excuse for destroying the Germans. 21. Prius... quam; G. 520, footnote 1. 23. Discessu suorum, by the departure (absence) of their chiefs, detained by Caesar. 25. Perturbantur dubitant, are in doubt. 29. Quo loco, in this place; i. e., in the camp. G. 425, 2. 33. Ad quos consectandos, to pursue these. G. 546, 4, 2). This act of Caesar seems to have been an instance of inexcusable barbarity. 37. Ad confluentem... Rheni. This probably refers to the confluence of the Meuse with the left branch of the Rhine, also called the Waal. See p. 62, lines 25 and 26. PAGE 63 64 3. Ad unum omnes, all to a man; i. e., without exception. - Ex 65 tanti...timore, after the alarm of so great a war. 9. Libertatem concessit, granted liberty; i. e., allowed them to remain with him as free men. XVI., XVII. Caesar bridges the Rhine. 11. Quarum... justissima, of which the most important (most suitable) was the following. G. 450, 3. 12. Quod; construe with voluit. 13. Suis... voluit, he wished them (the Germans) to fear for their own possessions.-Rebus; G. 385, II., 1. 15. Accessit etiam, quod, an additional reason also was that. |