PAGE 102 103 22. Grandem pecuniam. This indebtedness is said to have amounted at one time to nearly $4,000,000. 23. Singulatim circumeundo, by going around to individuals. 25. Illi; referring to Caesar. - Usque eo, ut, to such an extent that. 28. Animi mobilitate, by their excitable feelings.-Quo studium ... esset; Subj. of Purpose depending upon minitarentur. L. LII. Discussion in the Senate on the Punishment of the Conspirators. Speeches of Caesar and Cato. 33. Liberti, the freedmen. Libertus is a freedman in his relation to his former master; libertinus, a freedman without such reference. 34. Diversis itineribus, in different places; lit., the routes being different.- Eum; referring to Lentulus. 35. Partim, some of them; lit., they in part. - Multitudinum, of the rabble; i. e., in different localities; hence plural. 1. Grege facto, in a body. 4. Convocato senatu. This was on the fifth of December. It was on this occasion that Cicero pronounced his Fourth Oration against Catiline. See Introduction, p. 309.- Quid... placeat; Indirect Question depending upon refert. 6. Senatus judicaverat. See chap. 36.- Contra rem pub licam, etc.; i. e., had been engaged in treasonable acts. 7. Primus... rogatus. The consul called upon the senators in the order of their rank, beginning with the consuls elect, or in their absence with the princeps senatus, the senator whose name stood first upon the censor's roll. 10. Supplicium, capital punishment. 11. Decreverat, dixerat, censuerat. Here the Perfect tense, which would have been entirely proper, would have stated simply the historical fact, whereas the Pluperfect contemplates the action as completed at the time of some other action, in this case doubtless the final vote.Oratione C. Caesaris; i. e., by the oration given in the next chapter. 12. Pedibus in sententiam iturum se, that he would vote for the opinion. The vote was often taken by a division of the house; i. e., those in the affirmative took their places together in one part of the house. Hence the expression in the text. - Tib. Neronis. Tiberius Claudius Nero, the grandfather of the Emperor Tiberius. 13. De ea re... referendum, that the question should be referred to the senate after the guards had been strengthened; i. e., he favored a postponement of the subject. 15. Hujusce modi; i. e., we have the general purport of Caesar's speech, but not his exact words. PAGE 16. Patres conscripti, conscript fathers; i. e., senators. The scna- 103 tors were originally called patres, fathers, afterward patres conscripti; i.e., the enrolled fathers, enrolled in the lists of the senate. Some think, upon the authority of Livy, II., 1, that the address patres conscripti, was originally patres et conscripti, fathers and those who were enrolled with them, and that conscripti was applied to the new members added to the senate on the establishment of the commonwealth. 19. Illa; they; i. e., odium, amicitia, etc. 20. Usui, interest, advantage. — Ubi... ingenium, when you have exerted your intellectual powers. 21. Magna... memorandi, I might mention many instances in which kings... have carried out bad counsels; lit., there is to me great ability of, etc. Quae is the object of consuluerint. 25. Bello Macedonico; i. e., the war in which L. Acmilius Paulus conquered Perses, king of Macedonia, 168 B. C. 27. Populi... creverat. For their earlier services to the Romans, they had received the territories of Caria and Lycia. 30. Injuriae, of the injury; i. e., the injury done to us. - Impunitos. This statement is not strictly true, as the Rhodians were deprived of Caria and Lydia. 31. Bellis Punicis; i. e., in the three Punic wars, the last of which resulted in the destruction of Carthage. 33. Per occasionem, when the opportunity offered. This may be the Roman version of the story, but it is certainly not the Carthaginian view. 34. In illos, against them; i. e., against the Carthaginians. 3. Novum consilium, a new measure; i. e., the punishment of 104 death, which could be legally inflicted only by a vote of the people. The senate, however, claimed and exercised the right of declaring martial law in times of great public peril. Omnium ingenia, all our powers of conception; lit., of all. 4. Eis utendum; supply esse; we must use those. Utendum is impersonal. 6. Composite eloquence. ... magnifice, in studied terms and with lofty 8. Quae... saevitia... enumeravere. The first clause depends upon enumeravere only by zeugma. Render: they have shown ... have enumerated. 10. Pati; supply ea, the omitted antecedent of quae. 13. Quo... pertinuit? An uti, to what purpose was that ora tory? or was it that. G. 353, 2, note 4. 15. Scilicet, doubtless, in irony. 17. Suae; refers to cuiquam. G. 449, 2. habuere, have exaggerated. Gravius aequo PAGE 104 105 19. Alia aliis... est, one degree of license is allowed to one party and another to another; i. e., an act which would attract little attention in an obscure peasant would disgrace a Roman senator. - Demissi; construe in the antecedent clause, if those in humble life who live in obscurity have done anything wrong. 22. In excelso, in a conspicuous position. 24. Studere, to favor. 25. In imperio, in persons in authority. 27. Minores quam, inadequate for. 29. Postrema, what happens last; in this case the punishment of the criminals.-In, in the case of. 32. Neque illum gratiam exercere, and that he is not influenced by (lit., does not exercise) favor. 33. Eos... cognovi, such I have learned, etc. 36. Aliena.... nostra, foreign to our republic. 37. Injuria; i. e., your sense of the wrong done the state. 4. Id quod res habet, that which the case itself involves; i. e., the fact as it really is. 5. Aerumnarum requiem, a rest from toils. 6. Ultra neque... esse. Caesar does not appear to recognize the doctrine of a future life at all, and yet he was Chief Pontiff of Rome. 8. Uti prius animadverteretur, that punishment should first be inflicted; impersonal. 9. Lex Porcia. The Porcian law forbade that a Roman citizen should be scourged or put to death without having been allowed the privilege of an appeal to the people. 10. Aliae leges. It is impossible to say to what specific laws Caesar here refers. The Sempronian law, which provided that the punishment of death should not be inflicted upon a Roman citizen without the vote of the people, may have been one of them. Condemnatis... permitti jubent. This seems to imply that a Roman condemned to death was allowed to go into exile; but we have no positive knowledge of any such statute, though citizens sometimes escaped the death-penalty by going into exile before sentence was pronounced upon them. 13. Facinoris ; G. 409, II. —Sin; supply from above in sententia non addidisti, uti, etc. — Levius est; supply verberari. -- 14. Qui convenit, how is it consistent? 16. At enim, but, indeed, introducing a supposed objection. 17. Tempus, dies, etc., the opportunity, time, etc. Supply reprehendent. The thought is, that time will show the pernicious influence of our example, if we disregard the law. — Cujus libido, whose caprice. 18. Illis, to them; i. e., the conspirators. 19. In alios; i. e., other than the conspirators. The meaning is PAGE this: if you inflict upon the guilty an illegal penalty, you establish a 105 dangerous precedent, which in the hands of tyrants may be used against the innocent. 22. Ab dignis, from those who deserve it; i. e., this special punish ment. 23. Devictis Atheniensibus; i. e., in the Peloponnesian War, from 431 to 404 B. C. 24. Triginta viros. These are known in history as the Thirty Tyrants. 26. Ea; object of laetari, which usually takes the Abl. 31. Damasippum. L. Junius Brutus Damasippus, of the Marian faction, after having been guilty of the most inhuman cruelty toward members of the opposite party, was finally put to death by the order of Sulla. — Malo, by the calamity. 34. Necatos; supply esse. 37. Is; referring to alicujus. — In proscriptorum, etc., referring to the proscriptions of Sulla. See note on dominationem Sullae, p. 79, line 27. 2. Trahebantur; i. e., to execution. 3. Atque non, not indeed. 5. Potest falsum. . . credi, some false charge may be believed as true; lit., for true. 6. Alio consule, under another consul; Abl. Absol. 10. Consilii; G. 410, V., 1. 12. Quo minus imitarentur, from imitating; lit., by which they should less imitate. 13. Arma... Samnitibus. This statement is only partially true, though qualified by pleraque, which should be taken with arma and tela as well as with insignia. Many of the Roman names of arms are the same as the Greek. The Samnites were a warlike people in the interior of southern Italy. - Insignia magistratuum; as, for instance, the curule chair, the fasces, the lictors, etc. 16. Exsequebantur, they adopted; lit., followed out. 17. Graeciae morem imitati. This statement, that the early Roman law borrowed its severity from the Greek, seems not to be supported by any historical evidence. 21. Circumveniri, to be unjustly condemned; lit., circumvented. 24. Quo minus capiamus, why we should not adopt. 27. Bene parta, well earned; i. e., by our fathers. 29. Placet; supply mihi, do I propose? - Eos; i. e., the prisoners. 32. Neu quis, and that no one.· Neu referat. Observe the change of construction after censeo: first the Acc. with Infin., then neu with the Subj., and then again the Acc. with Infin. 106 PAGE 106 107 35. Verbo, in a word; i. e., without making a speech. - M. Porcius Cato, 36. Alius alii, one to one, another to another; i. e., one assented to the opinion of Silanus, another to that of Caesar. Tribune elect, great-grandson of Cato the censor. 2. Nonnullorum; G. 553, 1. 5. Cavere ab illis, to defend ourselves against them. 7. Persequare, you may punish. Potential Subj. -Hoc; subject of evenit. 9. Fit reliqui, is left; reliqui, Predicate Gen. 11. Pluris fecistis, have prized more highly. G. 404, note 1. 16. In dubio, in peril. 17. In hoc ordine; i. e., in the senate. 19. Adversos, as opponents, strictly an adjective agreeing with mortales. 20. Qui mihi... gratiam fecissem, as I had never granted pardon to myself, etc. Fecissem; Subj. of Cause. The language here used is eminently characteristic of this remarkable man. 22. Ea; i. e., ea verba. 23. Opulentia... tolerabat; i. e., the resources of the state were adequate to save it from the consequences of this neglect. 26. Sed haec, but whether these things; the interrogative particle is omitted. 27. An... hostium, or together with ourselves shall be the property of the enemy. — Hic mihi quisquam, etc. Observe the sarcasm aimed at Caesar. - 31. Eo, by this means. Some construe with extremo. 36. Bene et composite, etc. Notice the fine irony. 108 4. Videlicet timens. Irony again, as Cato suspects Caesar of sympathizing with the conspirators. 5. Conducta, hired. 7. Non plus possit, was not more powerful. G. 513, II.-Ibi, ubi, there, where; i. e., in the municipal towns where Caesar would keep the prisoners. 11. Eo magis refert me, it is the more important that I. 14. Quanto attentius, the more carefully. 15. Illis, refers to exercitu Catilinae, etc. - Si... languere; i. e., if they discover any indication of weakness on your part. 16. Aderunt, they will be present; i. e., will attack you. 21. Quae nulla, none of which; lit., which none. 23. Neque . . . obnoxius, subject neither to guilt nor to passion. |