Page by Tarquinius Priscus, represented the third tribe, the Luceres, and 31 were called patres minorum gentium, in distinction from the two older tribes. By the same appellation, the senators representing the Titienses had been distinguished from those who represented the Ramnes, the earliest and most honorable tribe. See Dict. Antiqq. (Senatus.) 7. Spectacula. This word means here platforms, constructed by the senators and the knights, on which they stood, to view the games. They were called fori, also foruli. Livy here relates the origin of the Circus, known afterwards by the name of the Circus Maximus, and of the celebrated games, called Ludi Romani or Magni. The site of the Circus was in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine. For an excellent account of the Circus and of the Ludi, see Dict. Antiqq. (Circus.) Donec, in the CH. XXXIX.-20. Donec-experrectus esset. sense of "till," "till that," like dum, quoad, antequam, and priusquam, is followed by the subjunctive, not only when a purpose is indicated, but in the imp. and pluperf. in narration, even when there is simply an indication of time. In the present instance, donec is merely temporal, the meaning being that the queen forbade the boy to be disturbed, till he had awaked of his own accord. Of course, not as if with the purpose of then disturbing him, but simply that he should not be disturbed during all the time that he was not yet awake, i. e. before his awaking. Thus donec is equivalent to priusquam, and like that particle, is here followed by the pluperf. subj. See Madvig's Lat. Sprachl. § 360. Hand says, (Turs. 2, pp. 294, 295,)—Conjunctivus poni potest, quando dicitur vel intelligitur non diutius et non priusquam, et in constructione formarum non absolutarum, quæ sunt imperfectum et plusquamperfectum. The account given by Zumpt, § 575, of donec, in respect to the mood with which it is used, is not adequate to the explanation of all the cases which occur. Comp. Liv, 21, 28, donec fecisset, and 45, 7, donec-misisset. 33. Credere prohibet, "forbids our believing." For the infinitive with prohibere, see Z. 607, and comp. § 543. 35-9. Qui-domo. Translate in the following order :-qui ferunt, Corniculo capto, uxorem Servii Tullii,-qui princeps in illa urbe fuerat -gravidam viro occiso, cum-cognita esset, prohibitam servitio ab regina Romana ob unicam nobilitatem, edidisse partum Romæ, domo Prisci Tarquiniř. CH. XL.-1-6. Tum Anci filii duo-tum-crescere. No verb 32 is here expressed for the nominative filii; for to connect filii with statuunt below, seems to me forced and unnatural. Bauer proposes to read: tum etsi filii A.-habuerant, etc. But the construction seems obviously an instance of the anacoluthon, (see A. and S. § 323, 3, 5,) the historian beginning the sentence naturally with filii, as it is of these that Page 32 he intends to speak, and then, after the long parenthetical clause etst -stirpis, resuming the interrupted course of thought with a different construction, tum impensius iis indignitas crescere. Thus: "then the two sons of Ancus-although they had before considered it the greatest indignity, &c., (yet) then their indignation, &c." 66 5. Non modo-sed ne-quidem. 'Not only not, but not even." In negative propositions, the second non is omitted, when both clauses have the same predicate. If each clause has a separate predicate, the whole form non modo non is used. Z. § 724; also Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I. p. 105. 15-19. Sed et-et quia-tum-videbatur. This passage has occasioned much discussion. Some editors reject et before injuriæ, some reject quia, others read et quia for tum, and yet others have quia in brackets, as if spurious. But all these changes are contrary to the authority of the MSS., and besides are unnecessary and inadmissible. The sense of the passage seems to be this:-The sons of Ancus, bent upon preventing by violent means, so foul a dishonor to the Roman name, and their own royal house, preferred to attack Tarquin himself, rather than Servius. And for three reasons: first, from a painful sense of the personal injury they had suffered, in being excluded from the throne, (et injuriæ dolor;) again, because the king, if he survived, would be a severer avenger of the murder than a private man, (et quia-privatus ;) then too, (tum (= tum etiam)—videbatur,) were Servius put to death, the king could make another son-in-law his successor to the throne. The first two clauses are each introduced by et, as each contains a distinct and independent reason; the omission of quia in the first clause is sufficiently explained by the form in which the thought is expressed, and by the usage of Livy, which we have already observed in a somewhat similar passage in c. 32. If we need to go beyond the usage of the writer, and explain why he omits the particle, and gives the bare thought by itself, we may perhaps find a reason in the fact, that the logical relation of the clause to the other parts of the sentence sufficiently fixes its causal character, without the insertion of a causal particle. Finally, the last clause adds a third reason, and is introduced by tum, which is equivalent to tum etiam, or ̊ præterea. For the force of tum, see Hand, Turs. 2, pp. 537, 8, where the passage is quoted. 29. Alte elatam-dejecit, "the other lifted an axe and struck it into his head." Observe here the difference between the English and the Latin idiom. While in English we express two actions, one of which precedes the other in time, by two verbs connected together by "and," in Latin the former action is expressed by the perfect par ticiple, and the latter only by a verb. Z. § 635, Note 1. CH. XLI.-35. Ejecit. This is the reading of Alschefski, from the best MSS. Drakenborch, in a note on B. 3, 46, refers to numer Page ous other instances of a past tense, in connection with the historic 32 present, e g. 1, 30; ib. 59; 2, 38; ib. 48; 4, 19; id. 57; 5, 27. 2. Si—sequere, "if confounded by the suddenness of this event, 33 you have no plans of your own, at least follow mine." At has the force of saltem, or certe, or tamen. So Hand, Turs. 1, 427 Comp. 3, 17, si-tangit, at vos veremini, etc., id. 31, si—leges displicerent, at -sinerent creari, 10, 26, sin collega-malit, at, etc. Other particles which precede at in this sense, are etsi, etiamsi, quamquam. 6. Ad Jovis Statoris. See note on ad Murcia, c. 33. 17. Tum demum palam factum: et, etc. This is the read. ing of Alschefski, from the Paris and the Medicean MSS. The Harleian I. has palam facta, and all the others have palam facie Weissenborn conjectures palam factum est compl., etc. CH. XLV.-29. Eum-laudare, from Alschefski, instead of cum laudaret. Laudare is the historical infinitive. 32. Perpulit-facerent, "at length induced the Latin states to build, in conjunction with the Roman people, a temple of Diana at Rome." 35. De quo fuerat, "a point, which had been so often disputed in arms." 43. Cives-immolassent. For the tense and mood of immolassent, see note on fuerit, c. 25. 6. Quin—perfunderis flumine, "Why do you not first bathe 34 (yourself) in the running stream?" Perfunderis is reflexive, see Z. § 146. The word quin, compounded of the old ablative qui, which is both relative and interrogative, and the negative ne, (i. e. non,) means · originally how not. Hence its double use: 1, relative, "that not" with the subjunctive; 2, interrogative, (as here,) "why not?" with the indicative. By an easy transition from its interrogative force, it is used also with the imperative, e. g. quin dic, why not tell me? i. e. pray tell me. 8. Qui-cuperet. For the subj. see Z. § 555, § 564; A. and S. § 264, 8. CH. XLVI.-12. Quamquam jam usu-possederat. The word usus, like our word prescription, is used in a legal sense to signify a claim to any thing, which is gained by long actual possession. "Although by long possession he had already gained an undisputed title to the throne." 16. Ausus est ferre-regnare, "ventured to propose to the people, whether they wished and ordered that he should be king." Ferre, in this legal sense, is frequently used absolutely, as here, or with legem, rogationem, &c. The direct form in which a proposition was brought before the people by a magistrate was, Velitis, jubeatis. 20. Quia de agro-agi, "because he had observed that the proceedings in relation to the lands for the commons had been con Page 34 trary to the wishes of the patricians." Agere de aliquâ re, or aliquid, to act upon, negotiate, any thing; agi de aliquâ re, any thing acted upon, negotiated, i. e. the proceedings in relation to any thing. 32. Inciderat, ne. We should expect here ut non, the regular expression for that not, denoting a consequence. On the contrary, ne is used to express purpose. See Z. § 532; Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I. 77. 43. De viro ad fratrem, de sorore ad virum, "concerning her husband to his brother, concerning her sister to her (i. e. ner sister's) husband." 44. Et se rectius-contendere," and contended that it had been better, had both he and herself not been married at all." The fut. act. part. with fuisse, is used in a hypothetical sentence, where in direct speech the pluperfect subj. would be used. This sentence, though not hypothetical in form, is really so in sense See Z. § 593, Note. So, in a more marked instance, in the next sentence, visuram fuisse. 35 5. Temeritatis implet. See A. and S. § 220, 3; Z. § 463. CH. XLVII.-16. Si tu is es, cui-arbitror. The historian here abandons the indirect form of narration, and brings Tullia herself before us, addressing her husband in a style of earnest, energetic appeal. For other passages illustrating the transition from the indirect to the direct discourse, see B. 2, 2 and 7; 6, 24; 7, 32; 21, 10; 23, 45; 35, 49; 38, 59.-Si tu is es, cui-arbitror, must be translated, "if you are the man," whom I think I have married, not "such a man as," a construction which would of course require arbitrer.-W. M. Gunn, (Dymock's Livy, 1843.) 18. Quod istic-scelus. Istic, like iste, points to the second person, and as an adverb of place, means the place of the person addressed. See Z. § 291. Thus here Tullia, addressing her husband, says, "because here (i. e. in you) is guilt together with cowardice." 19. Quin accingeris. See note on quin perfunderis, c. 45. 29. Duo continua regna," the kingdom twice in succession." 30. Nullum momentum-faceret, "could exert no influence." Momentum (fr. movimentum, moveo) means that which moves, a moving power, that which turns the scale; hence influence. 33. Minorum gentium. See note on this expression, c. 35. 35. Regis criminibus, "by charges against the king." Regis is the objective genitive. 36 5. Ereptum—divisisse, “had taken away the lands from the first men of the state, and divided them among the meanest." See note on elatam, above, c. 40. See Arn. Pr CH. XLVIII.-18. Regnaturum, qui vicisset. Intr. P. I. 163, obs.; Z. § 496; also note on B. 1, c. 24, ibi-fuerit. 24. Sine regio comitatu. This is the conjectural reading of Alschefski, in preference to the varying readings of the MSS. Sine Page might well be expected from the fact stated in the sentence imme-36 diately preceding, that all the attendants had fled. Weissenborn (Jahn's Jahrbücher, vol. 35, p. 387) conjectures sine omni, observing at the same time that such an expression is one of rare occurrence. 30-32. A quo ad summum C. vicum, "when, on being ordered by him to retire from so great a tumult, she was on her way home, and had reached the top of the Cyprian street." A Vicus was a division of the city, consisting of a main street and several smaller by-streets. Thus the full meaning here is, the top of the main street of the Cyprian quarter. See Dict. Antiqq. (Vicus). 32. Flectenti, etc.-ostendit. Flectenti" cum flecteret, i. e. flecti ad dextram carpentum juberet:" and the passage may be translated thus: "the person, who drove the horses, struck with horror, stopped and drew in the reins, and pointed out to his mistress, who was turning the chariot to the right towards the Urbian hill, in order to ride up to the Esquiline, the body of the murdered Servius lying upon the ground." Yet a construction, so unusual, must ever leave in some uncertainty the reading flectenti, notwithstanding the uniform testimony of the best MSS. Gronovius conjectured the nominative flectens, agreeing with is; a reading, however, which is far from relieving the passage of its difficulty. 4. Quia unius esset. For the subj. see note on quoniam, etc. 37 c. 6, and Z. § 549. CH. XLIX.-7. Occepit. This word occurs otherwise, only in Plautus, Lucretius, and Tacitus. Grysar refers to this word, with several other expressions, to illustrate the influence of the earlier poets and annalists upon the style of Livy. Other words which he pronounces archaisms, are mussitare 1, 50; edissertare 22, 54; participare 3, 12; noscitare 2, 53. Among the words used by Livy, which occur either seldom or not at all in other classic Latin writers, are prævalere, (in the Preface,) deses 1, 32; obtentus 1, 56, (used also by Sallust ;) bellator 1, 59; invisitatus 5, 33 and 37; pacificare 5, 23; potentatus 26, 38; perpacatus 36, 42; perpopulari 34, 56; pervidere 33, 5.-See Grysar, vol. 1, p. 9. 15. Ut qui-regnaret, "since he reigned." See A. and S. § 264, 8; Z. §§ 564, 565. 21. Sed unde, "but those from whom." Unde, i. e. eos, a quibus. Unde, though strictly local in its meaning, is not unfrequently thus used, in reference to persons, and especially with proper names. So above, c. 8, ab Etruscis, unde, etc. So also in Curtius, 3, 3, 22, Honeti unde. In like manner inde is used for ex illis. See Hand's Turs. 3, p. 364, who quotes Liv. 36, 11. Comp. Mützell's Curtius, p. 6. CH. LIII-38. Degeneratum. The neuter part. is here used substantively, in accordance with a common usage of Livy. See Z. § 637, where several passages are referred to. To these may be added, |