Page But Dionysius states 47 and afterwards distinguished by their name. that it was originally consecrated to Mars, and appropriated by the Tarquins to their own use, and then after their expulsion restored to the service of Mars. 37. Insulam inde-factam. This island, the origin of which Livy here explains in accordance with the popular tradition, is the Insula Tiberina, or, as it is now called from a church which is upon it, Isola di S. Bartolommeo, the Island of St. Bartholomew. From its shape it has been sometimes called the Ship of the Tiber. It was connected with the right bank of the river by the Pons Cestius, and with 'he left by the Pons Fabricius; hence it was also called inter duos pontes. It was celebrated in ancient times for its temple of Esculapius See the Plan of Rome; Becker's Röm. Alterthümer, Bd. 1, 651. 13. Eminente-ministerium, "the feelings of the father clearly 48 appearing, in the midst of the execution of a public punishment." This is clearly the idea of Livy. The struggle between the father and the consul is expressed by the contrasted words patrio and publicae. Dr. Arnold thus gives the sense of the passage: "Brutus neither stirred from his seat, nor turned away his eyes from the sight, yet men saw, as they looked on, that his heart was grieving inwardly over his children."-Hist. of Rome, 1, p. 79. CH. VI.-25. Ne se ortum, se=ex ipsis, referring to the Veientes and Tarquinienses. But below, bona sua diripienda-dedisse, the reflexive pronoun refers back, and without possibility of ambiguity, to Tarquinius. 36. Pro se quisque-fremunt. Livy and other prose writers use a plural verb and also a plural participle with quisque, pro se quisque, and similar partitive expressions. This construction, however, does not occur in Cicero. A. and S. § 209, R. 11, (4); Z. § 367. 37. Romano saltem duce, "that at least with a Roman at their head," i. e. that & favorable an opportunity for redressing their wrongs should be eagerly embraced. 1. Primus eques hostium agminis fuit, i. e. eques (=equitatus) 49 in hostium agmine primum locum tenuit.-Crevier. "The cavalry formed the enemy's vanguard." 12. Dum vulneraret, "so long as he wounded." Dum, as well as donec, in the sense of so long as, if only, where a purpose is indicated,. takes the subjunctive.-Cf. Arn. Pr. Intr. P. I. 654, (Eng. ed.); Madvig, 360, 2. CH. VII.-23. Suas quisque. Quisque here refers to each of the two armies. It generally however is used in reference to a subject, · representing two or more persons, in order to express forcibly the notion that each individual shares in the action of the verb. Cf. Drak. ad Liv. 2, 22; Mützell's Curtius, p. 51. 26. Uno plus-acie, "that one man more had fallen on the side Page ་ 49 of the Etruscans than on the side of the Romans," lit. more of the Etruscans by one. See Z. § 488; A. and S. § 256, R. 16 33. Quia-quod-fuisset. See note on quia—quod, B. 2, c. 1 40. In summa Velia. There has been much discussion, in regard to the situation of the Velia. Becker fixes it as the ridge extending from the Palatine to the Esquiline. The Basilica of Constantine and the Temple of Venus and Roma are on this hill.-See the Plan of Rome. Becker, Röm. Alterth. vol. 1, p. 246; also Arnold, Hist. Rome, 1, 80. 50. 3. Ibi audire jussis, i. e "cum ibi .n concione populus audire jussus esset."-Alschefski. 11. Timerem, the imp. in the sense of ti e pluperf. So in the next sentence, si-habitarem-crederem. The imperf. is thus used where a continued or a repeated action or condition is meant to be expressed. So in the common expressions in Livy, cerneres, nescires, decerneres. See Krebs' Guide, 232; Z. § 528, N. 2. 21. Vicæ Potæ. Vica Pota, an epithet of the goddess of victòTMv, the goddess, quæ vincit et potitur. (Hartung, Rel. der Röm. 2, 256., For the government of the word, see note on ad Murcia, B. 1, c. 33. CH. VIII.-22. Quæ-absolverent-verterent. The subj. seems here to be used with the relative, in dependence upon a demonstrative pronoun to be supplied with leges in the preceding clause, " laws of such a nature, that they not only cleared the consul," &c. See Z. § 558, and the Note. 42. Postem, i. e. of the temple which he was dedicating. 44. Funestaque familia, "and that while his family was thus defiled by the unburied corpse." A family was said to be funesta, so long as the body of a deceased member of it remained unburied, and the funeral rites were unperformed. In general," the idea of non-burial was considered by the ancients a most deplorable calamity, and the discharge of this last service a most sacred duty." Thus it was a 66 regulation that any family, a member of which had remained unburied, should yearly offer a propitiatory sacrifice, and only under such a condition was the familia pura." Becker's Gallus, p. 400. 51 3. Nihil aliud-quam, "only," "merely." See Z. § 771. Dr. Arnold, in his version of this story, says: "But he said, 'Then let them carry him out and bury him;' and he neither wept nor lamented, for the words of lamentation ought not to be spoken, when men are praying to the blessed gods, and dedicating a temple to their honor." Hist. Rome, 1, p. 81. CH. IX.-9. Lartem. "Lars," like "Lucumo," is not an individ. ual name, but expresses the rank of the person, like avaš. Micali connects it with the Teutonic word" Lord." Arnold's Hist. Rome, 1, p. 81. 29. In publicum omni sumptu. This is the reading of the MSS Gronovius proposed omne sumptum. Alschefski in his larger edition adopted the conjecture of Divæus, omni sumpto; but in the later school 5 edition he has restored the reading of the MSS. To translate the passage, we must supply a participle with sumptu, e. g. translato. Render thus: "The privilege of selling salt also, as it was sold at an extravagant price, was taken away from private individuals, all the expense attending the business being transferred to the public treasury;" i e. after the state had assumed all the pecuniary responsibilities at. tending the manufacture and sale of the article This is substantially the explanation and translation, which are very clearly given by Folsom, who adds, that the government took the business into their own hands, that the commodity "might be afforded to the people at a cheaper rate, since the profits formerly made by the private contractors, or farmers, no longer formed a part of the price." The same view is given by Alschefski; also by Weissenborn, in Jahn's Jahrbücher, vol. 39, p. 279. 31. Oneri ferendo essent, "were able to bear the burden." This construction of esse with the dat. of the gerund is generally explained by an ellipsis of idoneus or par. But such expressions can only be resolved into an idiom of the language. Cf. Z. § 664, N. 1; Madvig, § 415, A. 1. CH. X.-40. Pons sublicius. See note on this word, B. 1, c. 33. 41. Pæne-dedit, "had.nearly given." The perf. indic. for the pluperf. subj., as it renders the description more animated. See Z § 519, b.; A. and S. § 259, R. 4. 4. Si transitum pontem. I prefer to consider transitum a noun. 52 "if they should leave behind them the bridge as a passage,” i. e. "the passage of the bridge." A single MS. has transitum per pontem. Clericus conjectured that the, original reading was pontem, and that transitum was first inserted in the margin as an explanation, and that it afterwards crept into the text. Gronovius considered the word as a participle, quem transiissent. There is no doubt that the word occurs as a participle, as Liv. 21, 43, Alpes transitæ, and 23, 28, transito amne. In either case the meaning is plain. The enemy had already gained the Janiculum, and needed only to win the bridge to have a clear passage into the city. = 7. Ferro, igni, etc. Cf. Liv. 1, 59, ferro, igni, quacumque dehine vi possim. Ferro, igni is an almost proverbial expression. In Curtius, 3, 4, however, we find the words in an inverted order, igni ferroque. 9-11. Insignisque-armis, "and readily distinguished among those who showed their backs as they fled, by his turning to the front, with his arms ready for close combat." Terga cedentium and obversis armis are contrasted with each other. 16. Exigua-rescindebant, “when a small part of the bridge was left, and those who were cutting it down, were calling them back." Page 52 19. Servitia, for servos. Servitium in its primary ming sla very, carries with it the idea of contempt, in distinction from servitus slavery as a legal condition.-D. 21. Cunctati, etc. "For some time they stopped, looking round one upon another, to begin the fight." 23. Aciem. Six spears' length from the entrance, Halted that mighty mass, And for a space no man came forth, -Macaulay. 25. Ingenti-gradu, “ with a lofty bearing." Gradus, in military language, represents the attitude of a person engaged in a conflict. It also occurs in this sense in descriptions of gladiatorial combats. Livy will represent the lofty bearing of Horatius, standing ever erect, unmoved, and resolutely holding to his post, amid the showers of javelins hurled at him from all quarters. = 31. Ita sic armatus," and so, armed as he was." Ita sic is not pleonastic. Ita: itaque, and so, accordingly; sic = obras, at once, without hesitation, an expression used in reference to sudden things. Cf. Hand, Turs. 3, p. 489. 53 CH. XII.-1. Itaque, magno, etc. Itaque here resumes the cor struction and course of thought interrupted by the long clause cui-fuderit, and connects Mucius with its verb constituit. The particle is really equal to a repetition of Mucius, as if it were, Mucius, I say The passage illustrates what is called by grammarians anacoluthor See Z. § 739; Hand, Turs. 3, 507. 5. Forte deprehensus, etc., "he should be seized and carried back." "The 6. Crimen affirmante. Affirmare= credibile reddere. existing condition of the city giving force to the charge." (Gunn.) 40. Juberem macte virtute esse. Macte, with virtute and the imperative of esse, expresses praise and congratulation, meaning increase in virtue, a blessing on your valor, &c. Macti also occurs But this construction with the infinitive is entirely anomalous. We can explain it only by the dependence of the expression on juberem Zumpt (§ 453) considers virtute the ablative of cause. But as macto is supposed to be compounded of magis auctus, Kühner (Schul Gr § 15, A. 16) explains virtute by the rule embracing all expressions of plenty and want; also Madvig, L. Sprachl. § 268, A. 3 Madvig contends that it is a mistake to consider macte a vocative of a defective adjective. A. and S.'s grammar is certainly wrong in giving macte as an acc. form, § 115, 4. 43. Quasi remunerans meritum, etc. Dr. Arnold, in his version of this story, says that he follows "Dionysius rather than Livy because in Livy's story Mucius tells Porsenna in reward of his gene Page rosity no more than he had told him at first, as a mere vaunt to frighten 53 him." Hist. Rome, I. p. 82, note. Certainly the information given in the present passage is substantially the same as Mucius had already given in his first address to Porsina. CH. XIII.-12. Quia-quod-ignoraret. particles, B. 2, c. 1. See note on these 54 23. Dux agminis virginum, "at the head of a company of maidens." 29. Et præ se-remissurum, "and declared that, as in case the hostage were not returned, he should consider the league broken, so if she were returned, he would send her back, and send her too, unharmed." Alschefski gives inviolatumque on the authority of his MSS., and contends that que is equal to etiam, quoque. 40. In summa Sacra via, "at the head of the Sacred Way." See the Plan of Rome. CH. XXXIV. In connection with this chapter, and the remaining ones selected from this book, the student should read Shakspeare's tragedy of Coriolanus, the richest poetry in which this fine story was ever recorded; also the Life of Coriolanus in Plutarch's Lives. 43. Agitatumque, etc., "and the question was discussed in the Senate, at what price it should be given to the common people." There was a famine, and the commons were in distress. 2. Secessione. This refers to the celebrated Secession-A. U. 55 C. 260, B. C. 492. The plebeians, reduced to the utmost pecuniary distress, involved in debt to the patricians, and exposed without protection to their merciless cruelty, at length escaped from Rome in a body, and withdrew to a hill beyond the Anio, which was without the limits of the Ager Romanus, but within the limits of the district assigned to the Crustuminian tribe. Afterwards, when the patricians had agreed to terms of compromise, and the commons had returned to the city, the hill was considered sacred ground, and ever afterwards went by the name of the Sacred Hill. Dr. Arnold well compares it with the English Runnymede. 2. Marcius Coriolanus. According to the common story, Marcius won the name of Coriolanus by his valiant conduct at the taking of Corioli. As Dr. Arnold has it, "all men said, 'Caius and none else has won Corioli;' and Cominius the general said, 'Let him be called after the name of the city.'" (Hist. of Rome, 1, 126.) By the note, however, upon this passage of Arnold, it will be seen that his own view of the origin of the surname is a different one. 3. Tribuniciæ potestatis. The office of Tribune of the people was established in agreement with the demands of the commons, at the secession. See Dict. Antiqq. (Tribunus.) 3. Annonam-veterem, "corn at the former price." Annona (from annus) means-1, the yearly produce; 2, Kar' ¿¿cxúv, means of |