G. Manlium in dextera, Faesulanum quendam in sinistra parte curare1 jubet; ipse cum libertis et colonis propter aqui lam assistit, quam bello Cimbrico G. Marius in exercitu habuisse dicebatur. At ex altera parte G. Antonius, pedibus aeger, quod proelio adesse nequibat, M. Petreio legato1 exercitum permittit. Ille cohortes veteranas, quas tumulti causa conscripserat, in fronte post eas ceterum exercitum in subsidiis locat. Ipse equo circumiens, unum quemque nominans appellat, hortatur, rogat, ut meminerint, se contra latrones inermes, pro patria, pro liberis, pro aris atque focis suis certare. Homo militaris, quod amplius annos triginta tribunus aut praefectus aut legatus aut praetor cum magna gloria in exercitu fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia noverat ; ea commemorando militum animos accendebat.

60. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius tuba signum dat, cohortes paulatim incedere jubet, idem facit hostium exercitus. Postquam eo ventum est, unde a ferentariis proelium committi posset, maximo clamore cum infestis signis concurrunt; pila omittunt, gladiis res geritur. Veterani, pristinae virtutis memores, comminus acriter instare; illi

1 Curare, 'to command.'

2 Catiline himself stood nearest the standard (eagle) with his most faithful followers, whose personal fate depended upon him; that is, the freedmen of his family and the tenant farmers of his estates. The Roman nobles, as early as that time, used to parcel out their estates in small farms, which were tenanted especially by their freedmen, who were thus patronised by their former masters.

3 Pedibus aeger. He had the gout. Dion Cassius, a later historian of Rome, who wrote in Greek, states that Antonius only pretended to be ill, in order not to have to fight against his friend Catiline.

A legatus, in this sense (for it also means 'ambassador'), supplied, in a Roman army, the place of a commander possessing the imperium. Accordingly, consuls and praetors, when intrusted with the command of an army, had one or more legates, according to the number of legions which they had under their command. The office of legate was given by the senate to such men as had held a magistracy, generally the praetorship, or at least the quaestorship, and the senate appointed them on the proposal of the commanderin-chief. When there were several legates, the commander-inchief might intrust one of them with the command of the whole army; but the commander-in-chief was answerable for all the acts of his legate.

5 Tumulti for tumultus, as senati for senatus.

Ferentarii are light-armed troops fighting at a distance with ja

velins.

The banners being turned hostilely against one another. 'Respecting cum, see Zumpt, § 473; for we also find infestis signis concurrere, without cum, as an ablative of the instrument.

haud timidi resistunt; maxima vi certatur. Interea Catilina cum expeditis in prima acie versari, laborantibus succurrere; integros pro sauciis accersere, omnia providere, multum ipse pugnare saepe, hostem ferire; strenui militis et boni imperatoris officia simul exequebatur. Petreius, ubi videt Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem praetoriam1 in medios hostes inducit, eosque perturbatos atque alios alibi resistentes interficit; deinde utrimque ex lateribus ceteros aggreditur. Manlius et Faesulanus in primis pugnantes cadunt. Postquam fusas copias seque cum paucis relictum videt Catilina, memor generis atque pristinae suae dignitatis, in confertissimos hostes incurrit ibique pugnans confoditur.

61. Sed confecto proelio, tum vero cerneres, quanta audacia quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. Nam fere, quem quisque vivus pugnando locum ceperat, eum amissa anima corpore tegebat. Pauci autem, quos medios cohors praetoria disjecerat, paulo diversius, sed omnes tamen adversis vulneribus conciderant. Catilina vero longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, paululum etiam spirans ferociamque animi, quam habuerat vivus, in vultu retinens. Postremo ex omni copia neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam civis ingenuus captus est: ita cuncti suae hostiumque vitae juxta pepercerant. Neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam adeptus erat; nam strenuissimus quisque aut occiderat in proelio aut graviter vulneratus discesserat. Multi autem, qui de castris visundi aut spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia cada

1 The cohors praetoria was a battalion which, in forming an army, was composed of the ablest and most tried soldiers, as the body. guard of the commander-in-chief. They had to protect him, and assist him in contriving to bring any engagement to the point where he wished it to be. Under the emperors, the cohortes praetoriae, nine or ten in number--the emperors having several armies under their command-formed the body-guard of the emperor and the garrison of Rome.

2 There you might, indeed have seen.' See Zumpt, 528,

note 2.

In the centre of the army where they were drawn up.

Adversa vulnera, wounds in the breast,' or 'in the front part of the body' generally. Aversa vulnera, on the other hand, are 'wounds in the back,' such as are inflicted on cowards that run away.

Quisquam for ullus. See Zumpt, § 676.

Juxta, equally little.' They had spared the life of their enemy as little as their own. Compare p. 41, note 3.

vera, amicum alii, pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; fuere item, qui inimicos suos cognoscerent. Ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, moeror, luctus atque gaudia1 agitabantur.

1 These four substantives form contrasts, though intentionally not in the regular way, for gaudium and moeror denote a joyous and sad state of mind, 'joy' and 'sadness;' laetitia and luctus at the same time express the audible expressions of joy and grief. Accordingly, laetitia contrasts with luctus, and gaudia with moeror. Respecting the omission of the conjunction in describing contrasts of this nature, see Zumpt, 783.

C. SALLUSTII CRISPI

BELLUM

JUGURTHINUM.

1. FALSO queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod imbecilla atque aevi brevis1 forte potius quam virtute regatur. Nam contra reputando neque majus aliud neque praestabilius invenias, magisque naturae industriam hominum quam vim aut tempus deesse., Sed dux atque imperator vitae mortalium animus est, qui, ubi ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur,3 abunde pollens potensque et clarus est, neque fortuna eget, quippe probitatem, industriam aliasque artes bonas neque dare neque eripere cuiquam potest. Sin captus pravis cupidinibus ad inertiam et voluptates corporis pessumdatus est, perniciosa libidine paulisper usus, ubi per socordiam vires, tempus, ingenium diffluxere, naturae infirmitas accusatur; suam quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt. Quodsi hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto studio aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam periculosa petunt; neque regerentur magis quam regerent casus, et eo magnitudinis9 procederent, ubi pro mortalibus gloria aeterni fierent.

2. Nam uti genus hominum compositum ex corpore et anima est, ita res cunctae studiaque omnia nostra corporis

1 Aevi brevis, 'of short duration.' Aevum, in the sense of aetas, is rather poetical, and does not occur till a rather late period; whence the common expression medium aevum, the middle ages,' is not exactly in accordance with the best Latinity.

2 Invenias; supply quam naturam humanam.

Grassatur, the same as ingreditur, advances towards;' but grassari has the additional meaning of power and vehemence, whence it is often used to mark the progress of something bad. Paulisper, for a short time.'

Auctores contains a whole clause-'every one transfers his own fault, though he himself is the author of it, to circumstances;' that is, to the things which he himself has done.

6

Quodsi,if, however.' Zumpt, § 807.

And at the same time very dangerous.' In many cases one feels inclined to assign to the adverb multum the meaning of often,' but with adjectives, it is used only to strengthen their meaning. Regerentur; supply casibus.

* Eo magnitudinis; that is, ad eam magnitudinem, ‘to that greatness. See Zumpt, $ 434.

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alia, alia animi1 naturam sequuntur. Igitur praeclara facies, magnae divitiae, ad hoc vis corporis et alia hujuscemodi omnia brevi dilabuntur; at ingenii egregia facinora sicuti anima immortalia sunt. Postremo corporis et fortunae bonorum ut initium sic finis est, omniaque orta occidunt et aucta senescunt: animus incorruptus2 aeternus, rector humani generis, agit atque habet cuncta neque ipse habetur.3 Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda est, qui dediti corporis gaudiis per luxum atque ignaviam aetatem agunt, ceterum ingenium, quo neque melius neque amplius aliud in natura mortalium est, incultu atque socordia torpescere sinunt; quum praesertim tam multae variaeque sint artes animi, quibus summa claritudo paratur.

3. Verum ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo omnis cura rerum publicarum minime mihi hac tempestate cupiunda videntur; quoniam neque virtuti honos datur, neque illi, quibus per fraudem is fuit," tuti aut eo magis honestis sunt. Nam vi quidem regere patriam aut parentes, quamquam et

1 According to the common arrangement of words, it would be alia corporis, alia animi; but Sallust abandons this order just because it is common. For the same reason he prefers alii-pars to alii—alii. Naturam corporis (or animi) sequuntur, 'they follow the nature (that is, they are of the same kind) of body and mind.' Regarding the change of anima into animus, it must be observed that anima is the soul, the seat and basis of animus (mind), which is the activity of the anima.

2' But the mind is not subject to corruption' (that is, to dissolution and annihilation), for a perfect participle with the negative prefix in frequently denotes a passive impossibility, which is usually expressed by adjectives ending in ilis or bilis; as invictus miles, an invincible soldier.

36 The mind possesses all things, but itself is not possessed;' that is, it is free. This is an imitation of a well-known Greek phrase, ἒχω, οὐκ ἔχομαι.

Admirari signifies not only 'to admire,' but also 'to wonder,' at anything which is surprising or displeasing; and in the latter sense it is the same as mirari.

Respecting ceterum as an adversative conjunction, see Zumpt, $ 349.

• Hac tempestate, the same as hoc tempore. Sallust frequently uses tempestas in this sense, though certainly the time which he paints in such dark colours-namely, the period after the murder of Caesar, in B. c. 44-was an agitated and stormy one.

"Who have obtained by fraud an honour or honourable office,' quibus honos contigit.

Honestus, 'honoured,' or 'honourable;' for honestus (from honor) is both the one who is intrusted with an honourable office, and in general he who is worthy of an honour. The persons here spoken of were honesti in the first, but not in the second sense.

"It might seem doubtful as to whether parentes here means 'obeying persons'-that is, subjects of the Roman state-or 'kinsmen,'