quam bonus laudavit; quòd ea nubere illi dubita bat, timens privignum adultâ ætate; pro certo creditor, necato filio, vacuam domum fceleftis nu ptiis feciffe. Quæ quidem res mihi in primis videtur cauffa fuiffe facinoris maturandi. Namque animus impurus, dîs hominibufque infeftus, neque vigiliis neque quietibus fedari poterat: ita confcientia mentem excitam vastabat. Igitur colos exfanguis, foedi oculi, citus modò, modò tardus in ceffus; prorfus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat. XVI. Sed juventutem, quam, ut fuprà diximus, illexerat, multis modis mala facinora edocebat, Ex illis telles fignatorefque falfos commodare; fidem, fortunas, pericula vilia habere; post, ubi eorum famam atque pudorem attriverat, majora alia imperabat: fi cauffa peccandi in præfens minùs fuppetebat, nihilo minus infontes, ficuti fontes, circumvenire, jugulare. fcilicet, ne per otium torpefcerent manus aut animus, gratuitò potiùs malus atque crudelis His amicis fociif erat. in whom a good man ever commended but her beauty; because fhe fcrupled to marry him, for fear of his fon now at man's tate; it is believed for certain, that he made an empty house for the impious match, by murdering his fon. Which thing, to me indeed, feems chiefly to have been the reafon of his haflening on the plot. For his polluted foul, at enmity with gods and men, could neither be quieted by watching nor reft: a guilty. confcience fo harassed his dif traced mind. Accordingly his complexion was pale, his eyes ghajily, bis gait fometimes quick, jometimes flow; there was a furious wildness in his face and countenance throughout. XVI. Now he trained up the youth, whom he had feduced, as we faid above, to crimes, by various methods. From among them he furnished out falfe wit nefes, and figners of forged deeds; taught them to fet light by their honour, eftates, and danger: afterward, when he had rubbed off any regard they had to character and modefty, he enjoined them other greater villanies; if an occafion of doing mischief did not offer at prefent, nothing the lefs of this, he fet them on to waylay and murder those who had done him no injury, as much as if they had. that is, left their hands XVI. 1. Circumvenire, jugulare] Thefe words, as to their conBruction, depend upon imperabat, which is here underfood, qua que confifus Catilina, fi- or mind should soften through mul quòd æs alienum per difufe, he was rather wicked omnis terras ingens erat, and cruel for nought. Catiline et quòd plerique Sullani confiding in thefe friends and milites, largiùs fuo ufi, ra- accomplices, withal knowing, pinarum et victoriæ veteris that the debts through all coun memores civile bellum ex- tries were great, and that most optabant: opprimundæ rei- of Sulla's Joldiers, having spent publicæ confilium cepit. what they had of their own too In Italia nullus exercitus: prodigally, and mindful of their Cn. Pompeius in extremis Spoils and former fuccefs, were terris bellum gerebat: ipfi wishing for a civil war ; enconfulatum petundi ma- tered into a defign of ruining the gna fpes: fenatus nihil fa- commonwealth. There was no nè intentus: tutæ tran- army in Italy: Cn. Pompey was quillæque res omnes; fed carrying on a war in very reea prorfus opportuna Ca- mote countries: he himself had tilinæ. big hopes of standing candidate for the confulfhip: the fenate was heeding nothing at all: all things were fecure and quiet; now thefe circumftances were exceedingly favourable for Catiline. XVI. Igitur circiter XVII. Wherefore, about the Kalendas Junias, L. Cæ- first of June, L. Cæfar and C. fare 2. In extrémis terris] In Pontus and Armenia, carrying on the war against Mithridates and Tigranes. 3. Confulatum petundi magna spes] Every one was not at liberty to ftand candidate for this high office: and probably there was fomething in Catiline's cafe which difqualified him at prefent, and which he was in hopes of getting removed, and fo be in condition to fet up for the confulate. This conjecture is frongly supported by what is faid to this purpofe in cap. xviii. XVII. 1. Kalendas Junias] The Romans had three remarkable days. in each month, from which all the reft were denominated and computed, viz. the Kalends, Nones, and Ides. In every month the first day was called kalenda. In the months March, May, July, and October, the feventh day was called none, and the fifteenth idus. But in all the other months of the year the fifth day was called none, and the thirteenth idus. In reckoning they went backward in this manner. The day preceding the kalends, nones, or ides, was called pridie kalendas or pridie kalendarum, pridie nenas os nonarum, pridie ilus or iduum. The day before this was called tertio kalendas, nonas, idus, i. e tertio die ante kalendas, nonas idus, reckoning inclufively: or it was expreffed thus, tertio kalendarum, nenarum, iduum, i. e. tertio die kulendarum, &c. Thus : fare et C. Figulo Confuli bus, primò fingulos adpellare hortari alios, alios tentare: opes fuas, imparatam rempublicam, magna præmia conjurationis docere. Ubi fatis explorata funt, quæ voluit; in unum omnis convocat, quibus maxuma neceffitudo, et plurimum audaciæ. Eò convenere fenatorii ordinis P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Caffius Longinus, C. Cethegus, P. et Servius Sullæ, Ser Figulus being Confuls, at firft he addreffed each apart: encou raged fome, tried others: in formed them of his ftrength, of the government's being unprovided, and the great advanta ges of the confpiracy. When the things were jufficiently fearched into, which he defigned; he fummons all to one meeting, whe were under the greatest difficul ties, and had most courage. Thither affembled, of the fena torian order, P Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Caffius Longinus, C. Cethegus, P. Sulla vii Thus January ift was called kalende Januarii, or, using the month's name adjectively, kalende Januarie. The latt of December was called prilie kalendas, or kalendarum Januarit, or adjeétively, prilie kalendas Fanuarias. December 30th was tertio kalendas Januarii or Januarias, December 29th was quarto kalendas Januarias; and fo backward to December 14th, which was decimo nono kalendas Januarias. The 13th was ilus Decembris, the 12th was prilie idus or i'uum Decembris, the 1th was tertio i'us Decembris; and fo on to the 5th, which was none Decembris. The 4th was prilie nonas or nonarum D.cembris, the 3d was tertio nonas or nonarum Decembris, the 2d was quarto nonas Decem bris, and the 1ft was kalende Decembris. The laft of November was prilie kalendas Decembris or Decembris, &c. Here obferve, that the names of all the months are ufed either fubftantively or adjectively, except Aprilis, which is ufed fubftantively only. In leap-year, which is every fourth year, February hath 29 days, and both the 24th and 25th are called the fixth of the kalends of Marcha and hence this year is called bifextilis. The following verfes fhew the number of days in each month, and contain a fummary of what has been faid. The table reprefents the manner of computation: in which obferve, that the numbers refer to the words below them. Junius, Aprilis, Septemque, Novemque tricenas, 14 A TABLE vii filii, L. Vargunteius, and Servius Sulla, the fons of Q. Annius, M. Porcius Servius, L. Vargunteius, 2 rius: Days of the A TABLE of the KALENDS, NONES, and IDES. April, June, Jan. Auguft, Mar. May, February. Sept. Nov. December. July, Octob. Romulus begun his months always upon the firf day of the new moon, and on this day one of the inferior prices used to affemble the people in the Capitoi, and call over as many days as there were between that : rius præterea ex equeftri ordine M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, C. Cornelius ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi nobiles. Erant præterea complures paullò occultiùs confilii hujufce parti Bestia, Q. Curius: moreover, of the equeftrian order, M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, G. Cornelius: befides, many out of the co lonies and free towns, men of figure in their own country. There were likewife a good many noblemen, a little more co that and the nones: and fo from the old verb calo, derived from the Greek xan, to call, the firft day of the month had the name of kaInle. But this custom continued only till the year of Rome 450, when Cn. Flavius, the curule edile, ordered the fafti or kalendar to be fixed up in public places, that every body might know the times, and the return of the feftivals. The none were fo called, because, reckoning inclusively, there are ̧ nine days from them to the ides. The ides fell near about the middle of the month; and the word is derived from iduare, an obfolete verb, borrowed from the Etrurian language, which fignities to divide. The Greeks had no kalends in their way of reckoning; and hence the Latin proverb ad kalendas Gracas, is used to fignify a time that never will happen: particularly Auguftus, when speaking of defperate debtors, used, in a facetious manner, to fay, ad kalendas Græcas foluturos, as we learn from Sueton. Aug. cap. 87. 2. Ex equeftri ordine] The equites or Roman knights were at first no other than the life-guards of Romulus, confifting of 300 young men, and called celeres, à minißlerii celeritate. Tarquinius Prifcus afterward increased their number to 600. But they had no authority, and made no figure in the flate till A. U. 631, when C. Gracchus, tribune of the commons, found means to transfer the power of judging corrupt magiftrates from the fenate to the equites. This produced a remark. able change in the government. The Roman citizens came now to confift of three orders, viz. the fenatorian, equeftrian, and plebeian. And perfons were admitted into the two former according to their fortunes. One that was worth 800 feftertia was capable of being chofen a fenator; one that had 400 might be taken into the equeftrian order. These equites or knights had a gold ring and a horse allowed them at the public charge. 3. Ex coloniis et municipiis] Colonia were towns, ftates, or communities, where the chief part of the inhabitants had been tranfplanted from Rome, who, mingling with the natives, obtained the chief authority, and managed the adminiftration according to the Roman laws. Municipia (commonly rendered free towns, infranchised towns, hanse towns, or borough towns) were corporations or cities, who, for their good fervices, or upon other confiderations, were allowed the ufe of their own laws, and at the same time honoured with the immunities and privileges of Roman citizens. See Kennett, b. iv. ch. 13. C cipes |