7. Sed ea tempestate coepere se quisque [magis] extollere magisque ingenium in promptu habere. Nam regibus boni quam mali suspectiores sunt, semperque his aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas incredibile memoratu est adepta libertate quantum brevi creverit; tanta cupido gloriae incesserat. Jam primum juventus, simul ac belli patiens erat, in castris per laborem usu militiam discebat, magisque in decoris armis et militaribus equis quam in scortis atque conviviis lubidinem habebant. Igitur talibus viris non labos insolitus, non locus ullus asper aut arduus erat, non armatus hostis formidolosus; virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriae maxumum certamen inter ipsos erat; sic se quisque hostem ferire, murum ascendere, conspici dum tale facinus faceret, properabat ; eas divitias, eam bonam famam magnamque nobilitatem putabant; laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales erant; gloriam 7: se-[magis] extollere] The exact meaning is not clear. Cort omits 'magis before 'extollere,' and if this is done, se extollere' is consistent with what follows,- Now every man began to rise up (raise himself);' and he adds, 'to show or display his character or talent more,' which could not be done under the kings, as he explains. Under the kings men were cast down, lying on the ground. When the kings were driven out, they could rise and show what they were. adepta] In a passive sense, as it is sometimes used, Jug. c. 101'; Cic. de Sen. c. 2, "eandem accusant adeptam."-incesserat:' without any case after it, a usual form in Sallust, as 'invasere, c. 2. Herodotus (v. 66) says that after the expulsion of the Pisistratidae Athens became greater. Liberty allows people room for activity. Sallust attributes the growth of Rome to the love of glory, which is a vague way of speaking, but it is after Roman fashion. There is however a meaning in it. Rome had a small territory and little or no commerce. Her power could only be extended by increasing her terri tory and her citizens, and war was the way of doing this. Rome's political and military system led her to conquer the world. Jam primum] Now first of all.' -simul ac:' Cort omits ac,' and it is sometimes omitted in this expression.-lubidinem habebant:" had their delight.' 'Lubido' is that which gives us pleasure; and it is also the taste for that which pleases. The context will always show whether it is used in a good or a bad sense.sic:' accordingly,' so.' The word refers to sed. erat,' and leads us to what follows, to the consequence of this emulation for glory. The form se quisque · properabat' may be compared with qui sese student' (c. 1).— eas divitias, eam bonam famam : this they considered to be wealth, this to be good reputation.' He makes eas' and'eam' agree with the respective nouns which follow instead of writing 'id' or 'ea.' This is very common. The pronoun takes the gender and number of the noun which 1. the predicate ('divitias, famam'). ingentem, divitias honestas volebant. Memorare possem, quibus in locis maxumas hostium copias populus Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbis natura munitas pugnando ceperit, ni ea res longius nos ab incepto traheret. 8. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur; ea res cunctas ex lubidine magis quam ex vero celebrat obscuratque. Atheniensium res gestae, sicut ego aestumo, satis amplae magnificaeque fuere, verum aliquanto minores tamen quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere ibi scriptorum magna ingenia, per terrarum orbem Atheniensium facta pro maxumis celebrantur. Ita eorum qui ea fecere virtus tanta habetur, quantum ea verbis potuere extollere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano numquam ea copia fuit, quia prudentissumus quisque maxume negotiosus divitias honestas] He says, 'it was their ambition to have glory in abundance, wealth got by honourable means.' An opposition is implied by the order of his words, as much as if he had expressed the opposition by using more words. natura munitas] Naturally strong, where the position makes the chief difficulty in the attack. This is the usual expression: "oppidum egregie natura munitum," Caesar, B. G. ii. 29. 8. fortuna] Fortuna was personified, made a goddess and had temples at Rome. The Roman writers often speak of her doing things as if she were a real person.-'ex lubidine:' according to her pleasure or caprice. -'celebrat:''makes known.' - provenere] Grew up there,' flourished among them,' as we sometimes say; as if great geniuses were a natural growth of Athens. 'Ibi' refers to 'Athenienses' (see c. 3). Athens had not many historians to celebrate her great deeds, and her greatest historian, Thucy dides, has told the story of her greatest defeat in the expedition to Sicily. Sallust may allude to the orators also, for they have said a good deal about the ancient glories of Athens; and he may even allude to the dramatists. pro maxumis] As the greatest,' though they were not the greatest. Jacobs quotes Caesar (B. G. i. 22), "quod non vidisset pro viso sibi renuntiasse." ea copia] Such an abundance' of writers. Rome had no historical writer in prose before Q. Fabius Pictor who lived in the second Punic War. He brought his history down from Aeneas at least to the battle of the Thrasimenus (Liv. xxii. 7). L. Cincius Alimentus, also a contemporary of Pictor, wrote a history of Rome from the beginning to his own times. He was made prisoner by Hannibal and says that he talked with him. 6 prudentissumus quisque] All the wisest.' 'Prudentia' means sometimes 'knowledge; for instance, knowledge of law (Cic. de Am. c. 1).- negotiosus: engaged in negotia,' in the administration of the State (Jug. c. 4). The great men of Rome were soldiers, orators, and administrators, and such men are generally too busy to write. But after the Romans had the example of Naevius, Ennius, Pictor, and Cincius Alimentus, they had many wri erat; ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat: optumus quisque facere quam dicere, sua ab aliis bene facta laudari quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat. 9. Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur; concordia maxuma, minuma avaritia erat; jus bonumque apud eos non legibus magis quam natura valebat. Jurgia, discordias, simultates cum hostibus exercebant, cives cum civibus de virtute certabant; in suppliciis deorum magnifici, domi parci, in amicis fideles erant. Duabus his artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate, seque remque publicam curabant. Quarum rerum ego maxuma documenta haec habeo, quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem ters among their men of action. Cato the Censor was a signal example: he was soldier, farmer, orator, statesman, and writer. But Sallust had known another man more distinguished still by his talent as a man of action and a writer, his friend, the Dictator Caesar. When Sallust says ingenium nemo,' it may be implied that the Greek writers were not men of action. But as Allen remarks, Xenophon was, and we may add Thucydides also, and Aeschylus. 9. jus bonumque] Kritz says 'jus' is scriptum legibusque constitutum,' 'written law.' But jus' means 'law' generally, all law both written and unwritten. It is true, however, as he says, that legibus refers to jus,' and 'natura' (man's nature) refers to bonum' ('equity'). Natura' is man's natural sense of good and right, which is the foundation of morality and of law. suppliciis deorum] In the public service of the gods.' In this sense the word 'supplicatio' is generally used. Sallust (Jug. 55) says 'supplicia decernere. Caesar writes (B. G. ii. 35) supplicatio decreta est.' 'Supplicium, punishment,' is the same word, and this sense as well as the other is easily derived from the primary meaning of supplex.' 'Supplicium,' I believe, is never used in Privatus illis census erat brevis, in amicis] in amicos,' Kritz. There is authority for both; but 'in amicis,' in dealing with their friends,' in the matter of friends,' is probably the true reading. See c. 11, 'in civibus,' and c. 51, 'in illis," quoted by Allen. aequitate] 'Fair dealing,' to their enemies, as it is implied by the words, ubi pax evenerat.' vindicatum est in eos] One of the Latin impersonal forms, which we cannot express in the same way. We can say those were more frequently punished, who.' But this form separates those' and 'who,' and does not adequately render the original. We may say, but in more words, in time of war the severity of military discipline was oftener applied to those, who' &c. Caesar (B. G. iii. 16) says, "in quos eo gravius Caesar vindicandum statuit." 'Vindicare' means to claim and maintain a right against another,' whence comes the notion of punish pugnaverant, quique tardius revocati proelio excesserant, quam qui signa relinquere aut pulsi loco cedere ausi erant; in pace vero, quod beneficiis quam metu imperium agitabant, et accepta injuria ignoscere quam persequi malebant. 10. Sed ubi labore atque justitia res publica crevit, reges magni bello domiti, nationes ferae et populi ingentes vi subacti, Carthago, aemula imperi Romani, ab 6 ing him (see c. 20).—' contra imperium' as in the case of young Manlius (c. 52).-'tardius... excesserant: who had been too slow in quitting the fight at the signal (reVocati).' The signal to draw from the fight is thus expressed by Caesar (B. G. vii. 47, 48), receptui cani jussit, signo recipiendi dato. sum. pulsi loco cedere ausi erant:''when hard pressed had been faint-hearted enough to leave their post.' Livy says (24, c. 14), "qui loco cessisset, in eum servili supplicio animadverWe cannot translateausi erant,' had dared.' It is not courage which makes a man fly, but want of it. Yet it may mean they were bold enough to fly,'' they ventured to fly,' in spite of the severe punishment which awaited them. This use of audere' may be compared with that of τολμῶν, τλῆναι. · beneficiis quam metu] 'Magis' or 'potius' is supposed to be understood. It is probable that quam persequi malebant' may have led the author to omit 'magis' in the first part of the sentence. But there are many examples of this omission of magis' or 'potius' in Sallust. Some editors omit it in c. 8 after 'ex lubidine,' and there are examples in c. 20, 52, and other places. 6 accepta injuria] When a wrong had been received, they would rather pardon than avenge it.' The ablative is well used, for though 'persequi' governs the accusative, 'ignoscere' has a dative. 10. labore atque justitia] By activity and justice.' Labour, activity may have a bad purpose as well as a good. 'Justitia corrects the gene- 6 was stirpe interiit, cuncta maria terraeque patebant, saevire fortuna ac miscere omnia coepit. Qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, his otium, divitiae optandae aliis, oneri miseriaeque fuere. Igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperi cupido crevit; ea quasi materies omnium malorum fuere. Namque avaritia fidem, probitatem, ceterasque artis bonas subvortit; pro his superbiam, crudelitatem, deos neglegere, omnia venalia habere edocuit. Ambitio multos mortalis falsos fieri subegit, aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum habere, amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re, sed ex commodo aestumare, magisque voltum quam ingenium bonum habere. Haec primo paulatim crescere, interdum vindicari ; Rome had no rival, and a great change followed in the character of the Roman people. See Jug. c. 41. saevire fortuna] Fortune is again represented as busy with human affairs. I suppose that he means, fortune began to show her strength or power.' dubias-res 'Circumstances of danger and hardship.'-' optandae aliis objects of desire to others, became a burden and sorrow to them. See Jug. c. 64, "atque alia optanda bonis.' He has said that the Romans had easily endured ('toleraverant) hardship and adversity. When he says that ease and wealth were a burden to them, he only means that they could not bear prosperity; and in truth most people will behave better in adversity than in prosperity. 'Others' (aliis') means only that ease and wealth are generally desired; things which are generally objects of desire became the cause of unhappiness to the Romans. But Sallust's way of writing is bad. He affects to say common things in an uncommon way. Igitur primo] This does not refer to what has immediately preceded, but to miscere omnia coepit.' artis bonas subvortit] See a 2. 'Uprooted,' threw down,' by turning up the foundation. So Colu"aratro lupinum sub mella says, vertere," to plough in a crop of green lupines.'-deos neglegere,' 'omnia venalia habere,' stand as two accusatives. subegit] Kritz remarks that 'subegit' is not exactly like 'coegit,' which is true. If we look to the primary sense of the word, to push upwards from below,' we may infer that it means, ambition worked on many men and made them dishonest.' The men were hardly conscious that their ambition was driving them to do wrong. Subegit' governs all the infinitives in the sentence.ex re:' 'res' is so general that it may mean any thing. But it is contrasted with ex commodo,' men's interests,' and so 'non ex re means not according to the real nature of the thing.' vindicari] All these vices (haec) gradually increased, sometimes were punished and checked.' 'Crescere,' vindicari' are historical infinitives. Sallust's talk is vague.-'contagio :' he does not mean contagion' in our sense, for he adds, quasi pestilentia,' like a pestilence;' but he means, as contact of bodies is supposed to communicate some diseases, so communion, living together, and mutual intercourse, have a like effect. Cicero (de Divin. i. 30) explains the original sense of 'contagio:' quum est somno sevocatus animus |