imperiumque obtineat. His Caesar imperat obsidēs quadrā10ginta frumentumque exercitui Mandubraciumque ad eōs mittit. Illi imperāta celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum frumentumque mīsērunt.

Other tribes

submit. Caesar takes the

stronghold of Cassivellau

nus.

21. Trinobantibus defensis atque omni militum iniūriā prohibitīs Cenimāgnī, Segontiacī, Ancalitēs, Bibroci, Cassī legātiōnibus missīs sēsē Caesarī dēdunt. Ab hīs cōgnōscit nōn longē ex eō locō oppidum 5 Cassivellauni abesse silvīs palūdibusque mūnītum, quō satis magnus hominum pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum silvās impedītās vāllō atque fossā mūniērunt, quō incursiōnis hostium vītandae causā convenire cōnsuērunt. Eō proficiscitur cum legiōnibus: locum 10reperit egregiē nātūrā atque opere munitum, tamen hunc duabus ex partibus oppūgnāre contendit. Hostes paulisper morātī mīlitum nostrōrum impetum nōn tulērunt sēsēque aliā ex parte oppidi ēiēcērunt. Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus multique in fugă sunt comprehensi atque interfectī.

After a third attempt, Cassivellaunus submits.

22. Dum haec in his locīs geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad Cantium, quod esse ad mare suprā

2, 3. Cenimagni, -ōrum; 1 Segontiaci, -ōrum, 1 Ancalitēs, -um; 1 Bibroci, -ōrum; 1

dependent authority. For the Subj. cf. 10, 5; IV, 11, 17; III, 11, 11; II, 11, 9; I, 15, 5.

1. dēfēnsis: against Cassivellaunus.

4, 5. eo locō: i. e., where the envoys met Caesar; perhaps at the crossing of the Thames. Oppidum Cassivellauni: identified by some authorities with the town St. Albans.

6. oppidum etc., the Britons

Cassī, -ōrum; 1 tribes of Southeast Britain. See map.

call (this) a town whenever etc. The oppidum was intended for a place of refuge in case of attack-not for a permanent abode, as were the oppida of the Gauls. "They have groves instead of cities; for when they have enclosed a great circle of felled trees, they build huts for themselves and make folds for their herds, not indeed for any length of time" (Strabo).

2. supra: in 14, 2.

dēmōnstrāvimus, quibus regionibus quattuor rēgēs praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nuntiōs mittit atque his imperat, uti coāctīs omnibus cōpiīs castra nāvālia 5 dē improvisō adoriantur atque oppugnent. Ii cum ad castra vēnissent, nostri eruptione facta multis eorum interfectis, captō etiam nōbili duce Lugotorīge suōs incolumēs redūxērunt. Cassivellaunus hoc proelio nuntiato, tot detrimentis acceptīs, vāstātīs fīnibus, māximē etiam permōtus defectiōne10 cīvitātum, lēgātōs per Atrebatem Commium dē dēditiōne ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar cum constituisset hiemāre in continenti propter repentinos Galliae mōtūs, neque multum aestātis superesset atque id facile extrahi posse intellegeret, obsides imperat et quid in annōs singulōs vectigālis populō15 Rōmānō Britannia penderet, cōnstituit; interdicit atque im

5

perat Cassivellaunō, nē Mandubracio neu Trinobantibus

noceat.

Caesar re

turns to Gaul.

23. Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad mare, nāvēs invenit refectās. His deductis, quod et captīvōrum māgnum numerum habebat, et nonnullae tempestate dēperierant nāvēs, duōbus commeātibus exercitum reportāre instituit. Ac sic accidit, uti ex tantō nāvium numerō tot navigātiōnibus neque hoc neque superiore annō ulla omninō nāvis, quae militēs portaret, desiderārētur; at ex iis, quae inānēs ex continenti ad eum remitterentur priōris commeātūs expositis militibus et quas posteā Labiēnus faciendās 10cūrāverat numerō LX, perpaucae locum caperent, reliquae fere omnes rēicerentur. Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustrā exspectāsset, nē annī tempore ā nāvigātiōne exclūderētur, quod aequinoctium suberat, necessario angustius militēs collocavit ac summā tranquillitāte consecūtā, secundā initā 15cum solvisset vigilia, prīmā lūce terram attigit omnesque incolumēs nāvēs perduxit.

Caesar dis

tributes his army among several tribes for the winter.

24. Subductis nāvibus conciliōque Gallōrum Samarobrīvae peractō, quod eō annō frumentum in Gallia propter siccitātēs angustius prōvēnerat, coactus est aliter ac superiōribus annīs exercitum in hībernīs 5 collocare legiōnēsque in plūrēs civitātēs distribuere. Ex quibus ūnam in Morinōs dūcendam C. Fabiō lēgātō dedit, alteram in Nervios Q. Cicerōnī, tertiam in Esubiōs L. Roscio; quartam in Rēmis cum T. Labiēnō in cōnfiniō Treverōrum hiemāre iussit; trēs in Bellovacīs collocavit; his M. Crassum 10 quaestōrem et L. Munātium Plancum et C. Trebōnium lēgātōs praeficit. Unam legiōnem, quam proximē trāns Padum conscripserat, et cohortes quinque in Eburōnēs, quōrum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhēnum, qui sub imperio Ambiorigis et Catuvolci erant, misit. His militibus Q. Titurium 15 Sabinum et L. Aurunculēium Cottam lēgātōs praeesse iussit. Ad hunc modum distribūtīs legiōnibus facillimē inopiae frūmentāriae sēsē medērī posse existimavit. Atque harum tamen omnium legiōnum hīberna, praeter eam, quam L. Rosciō in pācātissimam et quietissimam partem dūcendam dederat, 20 mīlibus passuum centum continebantur. Ipse intereă, quoad legiōnēs collocātās mūnītaque hiberna cōgnōvisset, in Gallia morārī constituit.

The Carnutes slay the

Tasgetius.

Caesar's

measures for their punish

ment.

25. Erat in Carnutibus summō locō nātus Tas

friendly chief getius, cuius māiōrēs in sua civitāte rēgnum obtinuerant. Huic Caesar prō ēius virtute atque in sẽ benevolentia, quod in omnibus bellīs singulārī ēius 5 opera fuerat ūsus, māiōrum locum restituerat. Tertium iam hunc annum rēgnantem inimīcī multis palam ex cīvitāte auctōribus interfecerunt. Dēfertur ea res ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod ad plūrēs pertinēbat, nē cīvitās eōrum impulsū deficeret, L. Plancum cum legiōne ex Belgio celeriter in Car