stated. The Ligurians were a bold and hardy mountaineer-race, and
they were not conquered by the Romans until after many years of war-
fare. The possession of their country was important, as affording
the easiest communication with Gaul and Spain over the maritime
Alps.

M.

p. 27.

MACEDONIA. A country of Europe, lying to the west of Thrace, and
north and northeast of Thessaly. It was reduced under the Roman
sway by Paulus Aemilius, who defeated and took prisoner its last monarch
Perses, in the memorable battle of Pydna. Before the time of Philip,
father of Alexander, all the country beyond the river Strymon, and even
the Macedonian peninsula, from Amphipolis to Thessalonica, belonged
to Thrace, and Paeonia likewise on the north. But, when enlarged
by conquest, the limits of Macedonia were from the river Nessus in
Thrace to the Ionian sea, including Paeonia, and Illyria beyond lake
Lychnitis. As a Roman province, however, Macedonia did not include
Epirus.

p. 25.

MASSILIA. A celebrated colony of the Phoceans, on the Mediter-
ranean coast of Gaul, now Marseilles. It became at an early period a
powerful and flourishing city, and was famed for its extensive commerce.
The most prosperous period in its history would seem to have been the
interval from the fall of Carthage, with which city it had frequent col-
lisions, to the commencement of the contest between Caesar and Pom-
pey. This city was always the firm ally of Rome. It suffered severely
in the civil wars from its attachment to the party of Pompey, being
compelled to sustain a severe siege, in which its fleet was destroyed,
and, after surrendering, to pay a heavy exaction. Massilia became after-
wards, in the days of Augustus, famous as a seat of science, and the
rival of Athens.

p. 96.
MAURETANIA. A country of Africa, lying to the west of Numidia,
and answering now to the modern Fez and Morocco. It was, properly
speaking, in the time of Bocchus, bounded by the river Mulucha, now
Malva, on the east, and corresponded nearly to the modern Fez; but,
in the time of the emperor Claudius, the western part of Numidia was
added to this province, under the name of Mauretania Caesariensis, the
ancient kingdom of Mauretania being now called, for distinction sake,
Mauretania Tingitana, from its principal city Tingis, or Old Tangier,
on the west of the straits.

p. 12.
MEDI. The people of Media, in Upper Asia. Their country lay to
the east of Assyria, and was separated from Armenia on the north by
the river Araxes. The capital was Ecbatana, now Hammadan. When
first mentioned in history, the Medes were a brave people. Like other
states, wealth and power rendered them indolent and luxurious, and they
fell beneath the arms of Cyrus.

p. 13.
MULUCHA. A river of Africa, separating Mauretania from Numidia,
in the time of Bocchus. It is now the Malva.
MUTHUL. A river of Numidia, supposed to have been a branch of
the Bagradas.

p. 15.

p. 33

N.

NUMANTIA. A town of Spain, near the sources of the river Durius,
celebrated for the brave resistance which it made against the Romans
for the space of fourteen years. It was built upon an eminence of no
great height, between two branches of the Durius, and surrounded by a
very thick wood on three sides. One path alone led down into the
plain, and this was defended by ditches and palisades. The great length
of time it withstood the Romans may be easily accounted for by its dif-
ficult situation, and the circumstance of its circuit being so large, that
within it were even pastures for cattle. The place was at last reduced
by Scipio Africanus Minor, the conqueror of Carthage. The Numan-
tines had withstood an army of 40,000 men with less than one fourth of
that number, and had not only hitherto held out, but frequently gained
very considerable advantages over the enemy, and obliged them to ac-
cede to dishonourable treaties. The remains of Numantia may be still
seen near Puente de Don Garray.

p. 5.

NUMIDIA. A country of Africa, east of Mauretania, and correspond-
ing, in a great measure, to the modern Algiers. It was originally
divided into two petty kingdoms, that of the Massyli to the east, and of
the Massaesyli to the west, the line of separation between them being
marked by the Tretum Promontorium, and a part of the river Ampsagas.
Syphax was monarch of the Massaesyli, and Massinissa of the Massyli.
The territory of Syphax was bestowed upon Massinissa by the Romans,
after the close of the second Punic war, and he was allowed to enjoy
the possession of this until the day of his death. After the termination
of the Jugurthine contest, the Romans appear to have taken no part
of the kingdom of Numidia to themselves, but to have distributed it
among the different surviving branches of the royal line. In the civil
wars between Caesar and Pompey, Juba, the great grandson of Massinissa,
had the misfortune to espouse the side of the latter. After the victory of
Thapsus, therefore, Caesar declared the whole kingdom of Numidia to
be a Roman territory; and Sallust, the historian, was sent thither as
its governor. The western district around Cirta was at the same time
bestowed upon Sittius in recompense for his services. Augustus be-
stowed upon Juba, son of the first Juba, his father's former kingdom,
with some important additions, under the general name of Mauretania.
And finally, the change introduced by the emperor Claudius, divided the
whole country from the Ampsagas to the Atlantic into Mauretania Cae-
sariensis and Tingitana. (Vid. Mauretania.)

P.

PELIGNI. An Italian tribe belonging to the Sabine race, situate to
the east and northeast of the Marsi. Their chief town was Corfinium,
which was selected by the allies in the social war as the seat of their
new empire. The country of the Peligni was small in extent, and noted
for the coldness of its climate.

p. 72.
PERSAE. The natives of Persia. In its utmost extent, the kingdom
of Persia comprehended all the countries between the Indus and Aegean
sea, and between the range of Caucasus and the Indian ocean, the pen

insula of Arabia alone excepted. In its more limited acceptation, the
name Persia, or rather Persis, denoted a particular province of this vast
empire, bounded on the east by Carmania, on the north by Media, on
the west by Susiana, and on the south by the Persian gulf. This is
sometimes called the royal province of Persia. It was the seat of the
race before they commenced their conquests.

p. 13.

PHILENON ARAE. Altars erected by the Carthaginians in memory
of the brothers Phileni. They stood in the innermost bend of the Syrtis
Major, and not, as Sallust erroneously states, (Jug. 19,) to the west of
both the Syrtes. The story of the Phileni, as given by the historian,
wears, to many, a very doubtful appearance, from the circumstance of
Cyrene's being so much nearer to the point in question than Carthage.
If the distance between these two cities be divided into eight equal
parts, the Phileni will be found to have travelled six, and the deputies
from Cyrene only two, of these parts. The truth, however, ap-
pears to be, that the territory in dispute between the two powers, lay
between Hesperis on the Cyrenean side, and Leptis Magna on the
Carthaginian, and that the deputies started actually from these two
points, not from Carthage and Cyrene. (Mannert. Geogr., vol. x.,
part 2, p. 116.)

p. 14, 52.

PHOENICES. The people of Phoenicia. Their country extended
along the coast of Syria, from the river Eleutherus to mount Carmel, a
distance of about thirty-five geographical miles. The breadth was very
limited, the ranges of Libanus and Antilibanus forming the utmost bar-
rier to the east. The Phoenicians were a branch of that widely-extended
race, known by the common appellation of Aramean, or Semitic. They
were remarkable for their extensive commercial connexions, and their
numerous colonies. They were famed also for their early civilization,
and their successful cultivation of manufactures and the arts.

p. 14.

PICĒNUM. A district of Italy, along the Adriatic, south and south-
east of Umbria. The inhabitants were of Sabine origin. Their country
was considered as one of the most fertile parts of Italy, and the produce
of its fruit-trees was particularly esteemed.

p. 93.
PISTORIA. A town of Etruria, about twenty Italian miles northwest
of Florentia, on the Stella, which falls into the Ombrone, a northern
branch of the Arnus, or Arno. Pliny (H. N. 3, 5) calls it Pistorium ;
but Ptolemy and others give it the appellation of Pistoria. The modern
name is Pistoia. This place is memorable from having witnessed in
its vicinity the close of Catiline's desperate career. The spot on which
the action was fought is too imperfectly marked by the concise narra-
tive of Sallust to be now recognised. We may conjecture, however,
that it was to the north of Pistoia, and near the modern road from that
place to Modena. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. i., p. 177.)

R.

p. 114.

REATE. An old Sabine town, on the river Velinus, a branch of the
Nar. Its modern name is Rieti. Reate was only a praefecture in
Cicero's time. In the days of Suetonius, however, it was a municipium.
It was famed for its breed of mules. The valley of the Velinus, in
which this city was situated was so delightful, as to merit the appellation
of Tempe.

RHEGIUM. One of the most celebrated and flourishing cities of Magna
Graecia, at the extremity of Italy, in the territory of the Bruttii. It is
supposed to have been founded nearly 700 years B. C., by a party of
Zancleans from Sicily, together with some Chalcidians, from Euboea,
and Messenians from the Peloponnesus. Its name is supposed to allude
to the great catastrophe by which Sicily was broken off in early days
from Italy (Phylov a pnyvvμi, frango.) Some, however, consider the
name of the place as of Oscan origin. The modern appellation is
Reggio.

p. 20.
RHODII. The people of the island of Rhodes. This celebrated island
lay to the southwest of the coast of Caria, and about forty-three miles
distant from the main land. Rhodes sided with the Roman power, and
became a valuable auxiliary to their rising greatness. In return for the
important services thus rendered, it received from its new friends the
territories of Lycia and Caria; but suspicion and distrust eventually
arose, the Rhodians were deprived of their possessions in Asia, and, at
last, in the reign of Vespasian, of their freedom. Rhodes was famed
for its Colossus, or statue of the sun, the work of Chares, who spent
twelve years in the execution. An earthquake threw it down after it
had stood erect for sixty-six years. It remained in ruins for 894 years,
until A. D. 672, when the Saracens sold it to a Jewish merchant of
Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with the brass.

p. 106.
ROMA. Of this celebrated city, it will be sufficient here to remark,
that it stood on the southern bank of the Tiber, below the junction of
that river and the Anio, and about fifteen miles from the sea.
It was
divided into twenty-four regions or wards, had seven great, and thirteen
smaller, aqueducts, thirty-seven gates, and six hundred and forty-four
towers on the walls. Its population, when greatest, did not proba-
bly fall much below four millions. The seat of empire was transferred
to Byzantium, by Constantine, A. D. 328; and Rome itself was taken
by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, A. D. 476, which put an end to the
empire of the west.

S.

SAMNITES. A people of Italy, whose territory, Samnium, lay to the
east of Campania and the lower extremity of Latium. The Samnites
were of Sabine origin, and famed for their valour, which displayed itself
in their long conflict with the Roman power. They only ceased to
exist as a nation after their overthrow by Sylla.
p. 108.
SICCA. A city of Numidia, on the river Bagradas, and at some dis-
tance from the coast. It was called Sicca Venerea, from a temple of
Venus which it contained. Bochart and De Brosses derive the name
of Sicca from the Punic Succoth Benoth, (i. e. "tabernacula puellarum,')
and make Benoth ("puella") the origin of the word Venus among the
Romans. According to Shaw, the modern Kaff stands near the site of
the ancient city. This, however, is doubtful.

p. 39
SICILIA. A well-known island in the Mediterranean, separated from
Italy by the Fretum Siculum, or Straits of Messina.
Its triangular
shape gave it the appellations of Trinacria and Triquetra, (rpeis-axpai,
and τρεῖς-ἕδοιι.) The promontory nearest Italy was called Peloruin,
now cape Faro. The one to the south of this was Pachynum, now

Passaro; and the remaining one Lilybaeum, now Boeo. This last,
however, is in truth not a mountain-promontory, but a low, flat point of
land, rendered dangerous to vessels by its sand-banks and concealed
rocks. Sicilia derived its name from the ancient Siculi, who came into
this island from Latium.

p. 20.

SIDONII. The people of Sidon, in Phoenicia. This was the oldest,
and, until eclipsed by its colony Tyre, the most powerful of the Phoeni-
cian cities. The inhabitants appear to have acquired at an early period
a pre-eminence in arts, manufactures, and commerce. The modern
Saide is still a considerable town, but the harbour is nearly choked with
sand. Sidon was about twenty-four miles north of Tyre.

p. 51.
SUTHUL. A town of Numidia, of which Sallust alone makes mention.
M. Barbie du Bocage suspects that this town is the same with that called
Sufetala (now Sbaitla) in the Itin. Ant. The name Suthul is said to
signify "the town of eagles."

p. 27.

SYRTES. The Syrtes were two bays or gulfs on the coast of Africa,
of which the one was called Syrtis Major, the other Syrtis Minor. The
latter is now termed the gulf of Cabes, from the ancient city of Tacape,
which stood at the head of it. It is about forty-five geographical miles
in breadth, and runs up into the continent about seventy-five miles. It
is opposite to the islands of Sicily and Malta, and was reckoned the
more dangerous of the two. This gulf is still an object of apprehension
to mariners, in consequence of the variations and uncertainties of the
tides on a flat and shelvy coast. The Syrtis Major is about one hundred
and eighty geographical miles between the two capes, and penetrates one
hundred miles into the land. The natives call it Syrte-al-Kibber, i. e.
the Great Syrtis, and sailors, Sydra, or Seedra. The name Syrtis is
generally derived from the Greek cúpw, "to drag," in allusion to the
agitation of the sand by the force of the tides. (Compare Sallust,
Jugurth. c. 78.) It is more than probable, however, that the appella-
tion is to be deduced from the term Sert, which still exists in Arabic as
the name for a desert tract or region: for the term Syrtis does not ap-
pear to have been confined to the mere gulfs themselves, but to have
been extended also to the desert country adjacent, which is still at the
present day called Sert. (Compare Ritter. allgem. vergleichende Geogr.,
vol. i., p. 929.) .

T.

p. 14, 51.

TANA. Now Wad-al-Thaine, a river of Africa Propria, in the district
of Byzacium, falling into the sea to the north of Syrtis Minor.

p. 61.
TERRACINA. A city of Latium, called also Anxur, situate on the sea-
coast, in a northeastern direction from the Circean promontory. Anxur
was probably its Volscian name. We learn from Horace that this city
stood on the lofty rock at the foot of which the modern Terracina is
situate. According to Strabo, it was first called Trachina, a Greek ap-
pellation, indicative of the ruggedness of its situation.

p. 102.
THALA. A city of Numidia, the true position of which is unknown.
It is generally supposed to have been the same with Telepte, now Fer-

reanach.

p. 49.
THERA. An island of the Aegean sea, forming one of the Sporades,
and situate about seven hundred stadia from the Cretan coast, in a north-