High-intensity Participation: The Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain

1997 general election activists attitudes Britain campaigning chapter civic voluntarism model collective benefits Conservative party decline democracy economic effects electoral estimates evaluations examine exiting expected benefits explaining expressive incentives global model Granger causality grass roots party high-intensity participation identify ideology important incentives model incentives to participate indicators individual influence issue Labour and Conservative Labour panel Labour party members leadership Liberal Democrats low-intensity participation measures model of participation motives Neil Kinnock Old Labour members Old New Old optimal model outcome incentives panel survey partisanship party activism party identification party leader party organization party's percent political efficacy political participation political parties Political Science predictor variables process incentives rational choice accounts rational choice model rational choice theory recruitment response role selective incentives Seyd and Whiteley social class social norms social psychological model strategy theory tion tive trade union Verba vote function voters voting behavior voting intentions Whiteley