incitarentur, are im of about the middle of the fourth century B.C. (Plato died in 348).— voluptatem, § 67, 1, b, R. —avidæ, i. e. in their eagerness for. temere, heedlessly; ecfrenate, uncurbed. pelled (for the tense, see § 58, 10, d). § 40. hinc a corporis voluptate. -- proditiones, acts of treason (a common Latin use of the plural); eversiones, overthrows. — nasci, spring. — denique, in a word.—scelus, a more abstract term than facinus. In Cicero's time, facinus appears to have been mostly used in a bad sense; but not originally, and hence it is here qualified with malum.—stupra vero, and as to debaucheries, etc. - excitari, stirred up. - muneri, function (if given by nature); dono, gift (if bestowed by divine power). § 41. nec enim, etc., for (of course) there is no room for selfcontrol when lust is tyrant. — fingere animo, imagine. — jubebat, censebat: observe the partial return to the direct narrative. — percipi (reaped)= experienced. — nihil agitare, pursue no subject. — nihil . consequi, establish nothing by argument or reflection. quocirca resumes as a conclusion the first statement, nullam esse, etc., in the indirect form, whence the subjunctives esset, exstingueret. — hæc, etc., thus my host Nearchus used to say (that) he had heard that Archytas discoursed with Pontius. Pontius was the noble Samnite who gave the wise advice, that unless the Roman army at the Caudine Forks should be massacred to a man, it should be released without dishonorable conditions. The neglect of this counsel, with the infamous duplicity of the Romans, cost the life of that gallant state. —cum quidem, at the very time when (interfuisset is the subj. of indir. disc., not on account of cum). 16. L. Camillo, etc.: this was B.C. 349, the year before Plato's death. Plato's latest authentic visit to Sicily (his third) was 361; it is probable therefore that Cicero was wrong here. § 42. quorsum hæc, what has this been driving at? (§ 49, 2, c). — intellegeretis, etc., imperf. as following the implied past tense. -invitus feci ut eicerem (§ 70, 4, e) = I reluctantly expelled.-T. Flaminini, see § 1; his brother Lucius was consul B.C. 192. During his consulship he carried on war successfully in Cisalpine Gaul, at which time occurred the incident here related.— fuisset, subj. as following eicerem. — septem annis; this was the full number of years intervening between the consulship of L. Flamininus (B.C. 192) and the consulship of Cato and L. Flaccus (184); the censorship of T. Flamininus and M. Marcellus was B.C. 189. (The story is an illustration of the preceding sentence, but the old man's loquacity destroys the logical connection). - - notandam; the technical word for the formal mark of disapprobation nota censoria, officially passed upon a man by the censors. exoratus est, was pre vailed on, compare Liv. xxxix, 43; Plutarch Flamin. 18. § 43. Cinea: Cineas was a pupil of Demosthenes, whom Pyrrhus sent as ambassador to Rome after his first victory, over Lævinus (B.C. 280). Two years later was the Roman embassy of Fabricius and others to Pyrrhus, to whom Cineas returned the hospitality which he had experienced in Rome. — quendam, i. e. Epicurus, whom Cicero never loses an opportunity to attack, and to whom the Stoics were especially opposed (see "Orations," note to Sest. § 9). ut id persuaderetur (§ .51, 2, c, ƒ), that they might be persuaded of this. Samnitibus; the Samnites were a vigorous and powerful nation of Central Italy, the last and most persistent defenders of Italian independence against Rome. The third Samnite War ended, with their overthrow, B.C. 290.-dedissent, for fut. perf. of dir. disc. - vixerat (emphatic): he had lived with him, and so knew him better than to suppose him influenced by pleasure. — Decio: P. Decius Mus, consul for the fourth time, B.C. 295. In his consulship was fought, at Sentinum, the decisive battle against the great coalition of Italian nations, headed by the Samnites (third Samnite War). When Decius saw that the battle was going hard with his men, he devoted himself to the gods by a solemn act of consecration (see Livy, viii. 9), rushed into the thickest of the enemy, and perished. His death was followed by a complete victory, which broke up the alliance, although the war dragged on five years longer. The story went that the father of Decius had devoted himself in like manner in the Latin War, forty-two years before, B.C. 337. Curius, the oldest of the three statesmen here mentioned (cos. B.C. 290), had had personal intercourse (vixerat) with Decius; while Fabricius and Coruncanius were only acquaintances (norat).—profecto, without question. — aliquid natura, etc., the fundamental moral doctrine of the Stoics. 17. § 44. cruditate, indigestion. —si dandum est . . . potest, see § 64, 1, b. — Duellium, cos. B.C. 260, in which year he gained a naval victory over the Carthaginians. Knowing the superiority of the enemy in naval tactics, he undertook to balance this by a kind of boarding-bridge, which grappled the enemies' ships and held them fast, after which the battle became essentially a land fight, decided by the prowess of the soldiers rather than by naval manœuvres. This victory over the enemy on their own ground, in a branch of warfare in which the Romans were wholly inexperienced, naturally was of incalculable value in raising their spirits and confidence, and gained great reputation for their commander. A column, adorned with the beaks of ships, was erected on the Forum in his honor, of which fragments are still extant. serat this honor appears to have been granted by authority, not assumed by himself, as the text would imply. ... sump $45. sodales: the worship of the several gods was cared for by a guild, sodalitas, consisting of a number of guild-brethren, sodales. Whenever a new worship was introduced, a new guild was organized to take charge of it. The innovation in Cato's quæstorship, here spoken of, could not have been the establishment of the sodalitas, for this was an institution of great antiquity; it was probably the custom of public banquets of the brethren that came up at this time. By the expression habui semper sodales Cato probably means that he has kept up his membership and his attendance at the banquets. - Magnæ Matris, i. e. Rea or Cybele, a goddess of nature, worshipped with wild rites on Mt. Ida, and in other parts of Asia Minor. The Romans found in the Sibylline Books, during the war with Hannibal, a prophecy that a foreign enemy would be expelled from Italy when the Idæan mother should come from Pessinus to Rome. An embassy was accordingly sent to King Attalus of Pergamus, who actually gave into their possession the meteoric stone which was the fetish of this worship. The oracle prescribed that it should be received by the man qui vir optimus Roma esset, and the Senate fixed upon the young Publius Scipio Nasica, son of Cneius (see $29). From this time the worship of the Great Mother was one of the most popular of the religions of Rome: it was celebrated in the Megalesia, April 4-10, with processions, beating of drums, and dramatic exhibitions. omnino, on the whole (opposed to the exception following). —ipsorum emphasizes conviviorum, as opposed to higher pleasures.· sermonibus, conversation.—compotatio, σvμñóσшν; concenatio, συνδεῖπνον. § 46. tempestivis, beginning earlier, and continuing later than the usual hour. qui pauci, § 50, 2, R3.—modus, degree. 18. me, i. e. for my part I like even formal drinking usages. – magisteria: the office of master or president of the feast (magister, arbiter bibendi), who regulated drinking and promoted hilarity.—a majoribus: it was, however, a Greek custom.-more majorum, i. e. with respect for age or rank. a summo; the three tables of the triclinium formed three sides of a square, and were known as summus, medius, imus. Three guests, summus, medius, and imus, reclined at each table. The conversation began a summo, that is, at the extreme left, and was passed along from one to the other. The place of honor was the lowest at the middle table. -Symposio; the Banquet, one of Xenophon's works, in which Socrates is introduced. rorantia, drunk by sips. —ignis hibernus, the winter's fire. — in Sabinis, on my Sabine estate. § 47. quasi, so to speak. ne. . . quidem, not . . . either. adfecto ætate, stricken in years. — uteretur, etc., enjoyed sensual pleasures.-meliora, sc. duint. - vero, why. —istinc, from them non caret: "inest (from those you speak of). — agresti, rough. velle in carendo" (Tusc. i. 36). § 48. Turpione: Turpio Ambivius, a leading actor of the time of Cato; he played in Terence's pieces. delectatur, enjoys. cavea: the part of the theatre occupied by the spectators, consist ing of concentric rows of seats rising one above the other, whence the name: prima, ultima, front and back row (§ 47, 8). — propter, near at hand (the original adverbial use of the preposition). $49. illa =the following; at, opposed to the concession that age takes less delight. - animum, the soul. emeritis stipendiis, i. e. discharged from the service. The required term of military service was sixteen years, after which the man, having served his campaigns ("earned his pay "), was exempt. — si vero, if again. — tamquam, as it were.- otiosa, of retirement (from public business). — videbamus, we used to see. Galum: C. Sulpicius Gallus, Cos. B.C. 166. He served as tribune of the soldiers under Æmilius Paulus (father of Scipio), B.C. 168, and foretold an eclipse of the moon on the night before the battle of Pydna. dimetiendi pæne, almost measuring out the universe. - illum he was overcome by, etc. describere, draw. ... oppressit, 19. § 50. quid, how is it? — levioribus, more trivial. — acutis, requiring a keen intellect. quam gaudebat, what pleasure did he take.-Nævius, "the first Roman who deserves to be called a poet, and, so far as the accounts preserved regarding him, and the few fragments of his works allow us to form an opinion, one of the most remarkable and most important names in the whole range of Roman literature" (Mommsen). He flourished in the last part of the third cent. B.C. He wrote comedies and tragedies, but his principal work was an epic, in Saturnian verse, on the history of the first Punic War, in which he himself had served. Plautus lived shortly after Nævius, and translated (very freely) the comedies of Menander, Philemo, and others from the Greek. Twenty of these are extant (including both of those here mentioned), and form the earliest complete specimens of Roman literature now existing. vidi etiam (emphatic), I myself saw: the earlier examples I had only heard of. — Livium: Livius Andronicus, a Greek by birth (of Tarentum), was brought to Rome prisoner, and there (B.C. 240) exhibited the first plays, adapted from the Greek. These were wretched translations, so that it is only as helping to give an impulse that they can be reckoned as belonging to Roman literature. — fabulam docuisset, brought out a play: the regular word, from the author teaching the actors and chorus. - Crassi, see note, § 27. - P. Scipionis: not the young Scipio (Æmilianus) present, but his second cousin, P. Scipio Nasica Corculum, son of P. Nasica (see note, § 45). He received the name Corculum (from cor) from his intellectual eminence. - his paucis diebus, a few days ago. atqui, now; vero, then again. — Cethegum; M. Cornelius Cethegus, cos. B.C. 204, is mentioned in Cicero's Brutus (§ 57) as the earliest Roman orator; quem vero exstet, et de quo sit memoriæ proditum, eloquentem fuisse et ita esse habitum, primus est M. quæ Cornelius Cethegus. — Ennius, see note, § 1. — videbamus, I used to see: Cethegus died B.C. 196.voluptates, what pleasures are there in feasts, etc.—pariter, in even pace. — honestum, honor to him. -illud, that famous saying. ... § 51. incredibiliter delector, I take a marvellous delight. nec (= et non) . . . et, regular correlatives in Latin (§ 43, 2, a). proxime accedere, to come nearest.—habent rationem (a mercantile phrase), deal (lit. keep a debt-and-credit account). — recusat imperium, dishonors one's draft (also mercantile). —me quidem, for my part. - non fructus modo (referring to the preceding fænore): i. e. that is not all, but the growth is as pleasant as the profit. quæ . aristarum, this whole passage is full of technical terms of husbandry: subacto, subdued, or well tilled; occæcatum, hid, and imprisoned; occatio, really from occa, harrow: the etymology is absurd; vapore, moist heat; diffundit, swells it; viriditatem, green growth (the blade); herbescentem, sprouting; nixa, supported by ($ 54, 10, a); geniculato, jointed; vaginis, sheaths, covering the tender ear ; quasi pubescens, as if with the down of youth (and so needing protection). ... 20. fundit spici (gen.) frugem, yields the grain in the ear.— structam, arranged (laid). — vallo, rampart: the beard of the grain is compared to the palisades of an entrenchment. § 52. vitium, of vines (as contrasted with standing grain). ortus, etc., growth, planting, propagation. — ut noscatis, § 64, 1, b. — vim ipsam, the mere vital force (power of growth) as opposed to cultivation. —acini vinaceo, grape-stone. —malleoli, shoots cut from the last year's growth, in such a way as to take also the adjoining wood projecting on each side in the shape of a hammer: prominens utrimque, malleoli speciem præbet (Col.); plantæ, suckers, cut from the main stock; sarmenta, scions, cut from the ends of branches; viviradices, quicksets, taken with a bit of the root; propagines, layers, starting as a new plant while still connected underground with the parent stock, or pegged down to take root further on. — nonne efficiunt, etc., are they not enough to fill any one (however insensible) with delight and wonder? claviculis, tendrils. quam serpentem, which as it twines. multiplici, manifold (in many ways at once); erratico, straying (in many ways successively). silvescat - amputans, trimming. sarmentis, become a forest of shoots. The growth of " new wood" (sarmenta) in one season from a single bud has sometimes amounted to more than 100 feet, including ramifications. § 53. exsistit, starts forth. — tamquam, etc., close to the joints (as it were) of the runners.—suco (succo), moisture. — lætius, more gladdening. — ante, see § 51. --capitum jugatio, connecting of the tops of the stakes or props (adminicula), for the vines to run |