("A seat or raised place"; hence) An elevation for sacred purposes; i. e. an altar [prob. akin to Sans. root âs, "to sit"]. ar-bi-ter, tri, m. ("One who goes to" something in order to hear or see; hence) A looker-on, eye-witness, witness [ar (old form of ad), "to"; root BI, akin to B-μi, "to go": be-to, bi-to, "to go"]. ar-ces-so, sīvi, sītum, sĕre, 3. v. a. [for ar-ced-so; fr. ar (= ad), "to"; ced-o, "to go"] (In causative force: "to cause to go, or come, to one; hence) To call, summon, send for, etc.;-at lx. 4 arcessere is Hist. Inf. [§ 140, 2]. دو ardens, ntis: 1. P. pres. of ardeo.-2. Pa.: Fiery, hot, eager, impetuous. B.C. 46), by which it was decreed that debts should be cancelled by the payment of an as for a sestertius, i. e. of one-fourth part. See sestertius [akin to Sans. raj-atam, "silver," as "the shining thing" ; fr. root RAJ, "to shine"; cf. ǎpy-ŭpos]. ar-ma, mōrum, n. plur. ("Things adapted" to any purpose; hence, "implements"; hence) Arms, weapons [prob. ap-w, "to adapt "]. armātus, a, um, P. perf. pass. of armo. arm-o, āvi, ātum, āre, 1. v.a. [arm-a, "arms"] To furnish with arms or weapons; to arm. -Pass.: arm-or, ātus sum, āri. ǎr-o, avi, atum, āre, 1. v. a. To plough [ap-ów]. Arrēt-inus, ina, īnum [for Arrētiĭ-inus; fr. Arrētĭ-um ; arděo, arsi, arsum, ardere," Arretium" (now "Arezzo"), 2. v. n.: 1. To be on fire, burn, a large town of Etruria] Of, blaze.-2. To be inflamed, or belonging to, Arretium; excited, etc., by any passion, Arretine. etc. ardŭus, a, um, adj.: 1. Steep.-2. High, lofty.-3. Difficult arduous [akin to Sans. úrdva, Gr. plós, " erect"]. arg-entum, enti, n. ("Silver"; hence) Silver-money; -at xxxiii. 3 the expression argentum ære solutum est refers to the Valerian Law (carried by Q. Valerius Flaccus, So, a ar-s, tis, f.: 1. Art, skill, etc.-2. Manner, or mode, of acting; practice [either akin to ap-w, "to join," and joining"; or fr. år-o, “to plough," and so "a ploughing," as the earliest and most important act of skill]. art-e, adv. [art-us, "close"] 1. Closely.-2. In Comp. to mark a very high degree: Very closely; lix. 2. War, when they were com Comp. art-ius; (Sup.: art-close of the third Peloponnesian issĭme). artis artes acc. plur. of ars.pelled to demolish the fortiartius, comp. adv.; see arte. Asia, æ, f. Asia, i. e. 1. Asia, as such.-2. Asia Minor. asper, ěra, ĕrum, adj.: 1. Rough, rugged.-2. Cruel, bitter.-3. Of circumstances, etc.: Perilous, dangerous, adverse, calamitous, critical. Comp.: aspĕr-ior; (Sup.: asper-rĭmus). asperior, us; see asper. a-spernor, spernātus sum, spernāri, 1. v. dep. [ā (= ǎb), | "away from"; spernor, "to spurn"]("To spurn away from " one's self; hence) To disdain, scorn, despise. fications of their city, throw down the Long Walls which connected it with the Piræus, and to submit to the Thirty Tyrants. at-que (contr. ac), conj. [for ad-que; fr. ăd, denoting "addition"; que, “and "] 1. And also; and.-2. With comparative adjectives, or words expressing dissimilarity, difference, contrariety, etc.: Than, to:-contra ac, otherwise than, contrary to what, lx. 5.-3. After words denoting similarity, etc.: As, with. -4. After simul: As. ātrōc-itas, ĭtātis, f. [atrox, atrōc-is, "fierce "]("The quality of the atrox"; hence) Fierceness, atrocity, atrocious astūt-ĭa, iæ, f. [astūt-us, "sagacious," also, "cunning"] ("The quality of the astutus"; hence) 1. Sagacity, skill, dex-ness. terity, adroitness.-2. Cunning, subtlety, craftiness. atr-ox, ōcis, adj. [prob. ater, atr-i, "black"] (" Pertaining to ater"; hence," hideous"; hence) Atrocious, horrible, terrible. the ǎt, conj. But, yet [akin to Sans. atha, Gr. år-áp, "but "]. (Athen-iensis, ĭense, adj. [Athen-æ, "Athens " ; the attent-e, adv. [attent-us, chief city of Attica in Northern "attentive"] ("After Greece] "Of, or belonging manner of the attentus"; to, Athens; Athenian."-As hence) Attentively, carefully, Subst.) Athenienses, ĭum, m. diligently. Comp.: attentplur. The Athenians;-at ius; (Sup.: attent-issime). li. 28 the words devictis Atheniensibus refer to the overthrow of the Athenians by the Lacedæmonians at the attentius, comp. adv.; see attente. auc-tor, tōris, m. [for augtor; fr. aug-čo, "to produce"] ("He who produces"; hence, aud-ax, acis, adj. [aud-eo, "a father"; hence) 1. An "to dare"] Daring; i. e. a. originator, executor, per-In a good sense: Bold, former, doer, etc.-2. A re- courageous.-b. In a bad porter, informant, narrator. sense: Bold, audacious. auctōr-itas, ĭtātis, f. [auc- auděo, ausus sum, audēre, tor, 'a producer"]("The 2. v. semi-dep. To dare, or quality, etc., of the auctor ';venture, to do something. hence, "a producing " thing; hence) 1. Weight of character, influence, authority. -2. Political t. t.: The will or authority of the Senate.3. Of things: Importance, weight, etc. " of a auctus, a, um, P. perf. pass. of augeo;-at vi. 3 aucta is used by the figure Zeugma with moribus, though it belongs only in reality to civibus and agris. Render: Increased in (number of) citizens, refined (where it represents exculta) in manners, enlarged in territory. aud-io, īvi or ĭi, ītum, īre, 4. v. a. ("To give ear to ; hence) 1. To hear :-folld. by Acc. of part. pres. in concord with a subst. to denote that one's self, etc., hears the person, etc., who is the Object of the verb, doing, etc., the thing pointed out by such part.; xlviii. 9.-2. To listen or hearken to; to examine into, make enquiry about.—Pass.: aud-for, ītus sum, īri [akin to aûs (= oûs), avт-ós, "ear"]. augendus, a, um, Gerundive of augeo. augĕo, auxi, auctum, augere, 2. v. a. To increase, augment. augēri [akin to av¿ávw]. Aulus, i, m. Aulus; audac-ia, iæ, f. [audax, audāc-is, daring, bold"]-Pass.: augĕor, auctus sum, ("The quality of the audax"; hence) 1. In a good sense: Boldness, courage, bravery. 2. In a bad sense: Audacity, presumption, shamelessness, etc.;-at xviii. 4 summæ audaciæ is Gen. of quality [§ 128]. audacius, comp. adv.; see audacter. audac-ter, adv. [audax, audāc-is, 66 "bold"] Boldly. Comp.: audac-ius; (Sup.: audac-issĭme). Aurēlĭa, æ, f. Aurelia; a Roman female name. aur-is, is, f. [for aud-is; fr. aud-io, "to hear"]("The hearing thing"; hence) The ear. 2. aut-em, conj.: 1. But, on the other hand, yet, however, nevertheless. Besides, further, moreover [akin to αὐτ-άρ]. Autronius, ii, m. Autronius (Publius), with the cognomen of Patus; a Roman who was an active accomplice of Catiline. After the suppression of the conspiracy he was brought to trial, and entreated Cicero with many tears to undertake his defence, plcading their early friendship, and their having been colleagues in the quæstorship. His request was refused; while further all his friends withdrew from him. Upon being found guilty he went into banishment in Epīrus. auxil-ium, ii, n. [probably obsolete auxil-is (= aug-silis), "increasing," fr. aug-eo, "to increase"]("The quality, or state, of the auxilis"; hence) Help, aid, assistance ;-at vi. 5 and lii. 29, in plur.: at vi. 5 the expression auxilia portare, to carry help, is unusual; the ordinary term is auxilium ferre. ǎvār-itia, itiæ, f. [ăvār-us, "covetous"]("The quality of the avarus"; hence) Covetousness, avarice. avertĕrim, perf. subj. of averto;- at lviii. 16 this tense is used as a modified perf. ind. a-verto, verti, versum, vertĕre, 3. v. a. [ā (ab), "away"; verto, "to turn"] To turn away. ǎv-idus, ĭda, ĭdum, adj. [ăv-eo, "to desire earnestly "] With Gen. [§ 132]: Earnestly desiring or desirous of; eager for. barbărus, i, m. [barbarus (adj.), “barbarian ”] ▲ barbarian. bellic-ōsus, ōsa, ōsum, adj. [bellic-us, "warlike"] Very warlike, martial. b-ellum, elli, n. [old form dů-ellum; fr. du-o, "two"] ("A contest, etc., between two parties"; hence) 1. War, warfare.-2. A combat, fight, engagement, battle. 66 a bēl-ŭa, ŭæ, f. A beast, wild beast [prob. akin to eńp, wild animal "]. běn-ě, adv. [obsol. ben-us= bon-us, "good"] (" After the manner of the benus"; hence) In a good way or manner, well: -bene polliceri, to promise well, i. e. to make large promises, xli. 5: bene consulendo, by consulting well, i. e. by adopting good counsels or plans, lii. 29. běně-făcio (or, as two words, bene facio), feci, factum, făcere, 3. v. n. [běně, "well"; facio, "to do"] ("To do well to" a person; hence) With Dat. [§ 106, word.-As Subst.: bonus, i, (3)]: To do well or good to; to benefit. běně-fac-tum, ti, n. [id.] ("A thing well done or performed"; hence) A good or honourable action, an heroic deed. běně-fic-ĭum, ii, n. [for bene-fac-ium; fr. bene, "well"; fac-io, "to do"] ("A doing good or well"; hence) Kindness, favour, service, benefit. Bestia, æ, m. [bestia, "a beast"] Bestia (Lucius Calpurnius); a Roman senator who joined in the conspiracy of Catiline; xvii. Bestia is called by Sallust (xliii. 1) "Tribune of the people"; but it seems he was at that time merely Tribune elect, and held office in the following year. It was agreed amongst the conspirators that he should make a complaint in the Senate against Cicero; and that a rising should take place on the following night. Cicero's vigilance effectually defeated this plan. m. A good and honourable man.-2. Upright, honest, virtuous, etc.-As Subst.: a. bonum, i, n. Goodness, uprightness, probity, etc.-b. boni, orum, m. plur. The good, the virtuous.-3. Brave, gallant, active.-As Subst.: bonus, i, m. A brave, etc., man.-4. Good or serviceable for something.-As Subst.: bonum, i, n: a. Advantage, profit, etc.-b. The public good, advantage or weal.-5. Wealthy, rich.-As Subst.: bona, ōnum, n. plur. Wealth, riches, goods, property, fortune.-6. Of leisure: Valuable, important, etc. (Comp.: melior); Sup.: optumus or optimus. 2. bonus, i; sec 1. bonus. brev-is, e, adj. Short.-Adverbial Abl.: brevi, In a short time, shortly [akin to ẞpaxús]. Brutti-us, a, um, adj. [Brutti-i, "The Bruttii"; the inhabitants of the most Southern part of Italy] Of, or belonging to, the Bruttii :-ager Bruttius, the country or territory of the Bruttii. Brutus, i, m. [brūtus, "stupid, dull"] Brutus (Decimus Junius); a Roman Patrician descended from L. Junius Brutus, who feigned stupidity to escape death at the hands of |