Esthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic - Benedetto Croce - Google Libri

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of the imitation of nature-Criticism of the theory of the elementary

forms of the beautiful-Criticism of the search for the objective

conditions of the beautiful-The astrology of Æsthetic.

THE ACTIVITY OF EXTERNALIZATION.

AND THE THEORY OF THE ARTS

The practical activity of externalization-The technique of external-
ization-Technical theories of the different arts-Criticism of
æsthetic theories of particular arts-Criticism of the classification of
the arts-Criticism of the theory of the union of the arts-Relation
of the activity of externalization to utility and morality.

III

TASTE AND THE REPRODUCTION OF ART

Esthetic judgement: its identity with aesthetic reproduction -— Im-

possibility of divergences-Identity of taste and genius-Analogy

with other activities-Criticism of æsthetic absolutism (intellectual-

ism) and relativism-Criticism of relative relativism-Objection

founded on the variation of the stimulus and of psychic dis-

position-Criticism of the distinction of signs into natural and con-

ventional-The surmounting of variety-Restorations and historical

THE HISTORY OF LITERATURE AND OF ART

Historical criticism in literature and art: its importance-Literary and

artistic history: its distinction from historical criticism and from

the æsthetic judgement-The method of artistic and literary history

-Criticism of the problem of the origin of art—The criterion of

progress and history-Non-existence of a single line of progress in

artistic and literary history-Errors committed against this law-

Other meanings of the word "progress" in relation to Esthetic.

CONCLUSION: IDENTITY OF LINGUISTIC AND ESTHETIC

Summary of the study-Identity of Linguistic with Esthetic-Esthetic
formulation of linguistic problems-Nature of language-Origin

of language and its development-Relation between Grammar and

Logic-Grammatical kinds or parts of speech-The individuality

of speech and the classification of languages-Impossibility of a

normative Grammar-Didactic organisms--Elementary linguistic

facts, or roots-Esthetic judgement and the model language

HISTORY OF ESTHETIC

ESTHETIC IDEAS IN GRECO-ROMAN ANTIQUITY

Point of view of this History of Esthetic-Mistaken tendencies, and

attempts towards an Æsthetic, in Græco-Roman antiquity-Origin

of the aesthetic problem in Greece-Plato's rigoristic negation

- Esthetic hedonism and moralism Mystical æsthetic in

antiquity Investigations as to the Beautiful-Distinction be-

tween the theory of Art and the theory of the Beautiful-Fusion

of the two by Plotinus--The scientific tendency: Aristotle―The

concepts of imitation and of imagination after Aristotle: Philos-

tratus-Speculations on language

ESTHETIC IDEAS IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE

Middle Ages. Mysticism: Ideas on the Beautiful—The pedagogic theory

of art in the Middle Ages-Hints of an Esthetic in scholastic philo-

sophy-Renaissance: Philography and philosophical and empirical

inquiries concerning the Beautiful—The pedagogic theory of art

and the Poetics of Aristotle-The "Poetics of the Renaissance".

Dispute concerning the universal and the probable in art-G.

Fracastoro - L. Castelvetro - Piccolomini and Pinciano - Fr.

Patrizzi (Patricius)

FERMENTS OF THOUGHT IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

New words and new observations in the seventeenth century-Wit—
Taste-Various meanings of the word taste-Fancy or imagination

-Feeling-Tendency to unite these terms-Difficulties and contra-

dictions in their definition-Wit and intellect-Taste and in-

tellectual judgement-The "je ne sais quoi”—Imagination and

sensationalism: the corrective of imagination-Feeling and sen-

ÆSTHETIC IDEAS OF THE CARTESIAN AND LEIBNITIAN SCHOOLS,
AND THE "ESTHETIC " OF BAUMGARTEN

Cartesianism and imagination-Crousaz and André-The English:

Locke, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson and the Scottish School-Leibniz :

"petites perceptions" and confused knowledge-Intellectualism of

Leibniz-Speculations on language—J. C. Wolff-Demand for

an organon of inferior knowledge-Alexander Baumgarten: his

"Esthetic "-Esthetic as science of sensory consciousness-Criti-

cism of judgements passed on Baumgarten — Intellectualism of

Baumgarten-New names and old meanings

GIAMBATTISTA VICO

Vico as inventor of æsthetic science-Poetry and philosophy: imagina-

tion and intellect-Poetry and history-Poetry and language---

Inductive and formalistic logic - Vico opposed to all former

theories of poetry-Vico's judgements of the grammarians and

linguists who preceded him-Influence of seventeenth-century

writers on Vico-Esthetic in the Scienza Nuova-Vico's mistakes

-Progress still to be achieved

MINOR ÆSTHETIC DOCTRINES OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

The influence of Vico-Italian writers: A. Conti-Quadrio and Zanotti
- M. Cesarotti-Bettinelli and Pagano-German disciples of

Baumgarten: G. F. Meier-Confusions of Meier-M. Mendelssohn

and other followers of Baumgarten-Vogue of Esthetic-Eberhard

and Eschenburg-J. G. Sulzer-K. H. Heydenreich-J. G. Herder

-Philosophy of language

OTHER ÆSTHETIC DOCTRINES OF THE SAME PERIOD

Other writers of the eighteenth century: Batteux-The English: W.

Hogarth-E. Burke-H. Home-Eclecticism and sensationalism:

E. Platner Fr. Hemsterhuis - Neo-Platonism and mysticism :

Winckelmann-Beauty and lack of significance-Winckelmann's

contradictions and compromises-A. R. Mengs-G. E. Lessing-

Theorists of ideal Beauty-G. Spalletti and the characteristic-

Beauty and the characteristic: Hirt, Meyer, Goethe

I. Kant-Kant and Vico-Identity of the concept of Art in Kant and

Baumgarten-Kant's "Lectures"-Art in the Critique of Judg.

ment-Imagination in Kant's system-The forms of intuition and

the Transcendental Esthetic-Theory of Beauty distinguished by

Kant from that of Art—Mystical features in Kant's theory of Beauty

THE ÆSTHETIC OF IDEALISM SCHILLER, SCHELLING,

The Critique of Judgment and metaphysical idealism-F. Schiller

-Relations between Schiller and Kant--The æsthetic sphere as the

sphere of Play-Æsthetic education—Vagueness and lack of pre-

cision in Schiller's Esthetic-Schiller's caution and the rashness of

the Romanticists-Ideas on Art: J. P. Richter-Romantic Esthetic

and idealistic Esthetic-J. G. Fichte-Irony: Schlegel, Tieck,

Novalis F. Schelling-Beauty and character-Art and Philosophy

-Ideas and the gods: Art and mythology-K. W. Solger-Fancy

and imagination-Art, practice and religion—G. W. F. Hegel-Art

in the sphere of absolute spirit-Beauty as sensible appearance of

the Idea Esthetic in metaphysical idealism and Baumgartenism—

Mortality and decay of art in Hegel's system

SCHOPENHAUER AND HERBART

Esthetic mysticism in the opponents of idealism-A. Schopenhauer-

Ideas as the object of art-Esthetic catharsis-Signs of a better

theory in Schopenhauer-J. F. Herbart-Pure Beauty and re-

lations of form-Art as sum of content and form-Herbart and

Kantian thought .

ΧΙ

FRIEDRICH SCHLEIERMACHER

Esthetic of content and Esthetic of form: meaning of the contrast-

Friedrich Schleiermacher-Wrong judgements concerning him-

Schleiermacher contrasted with his predecessors-Place assigned to

Esthetic in his Ethics-Esthetic activity as immanent and individual

-Artistic truth and intellectual truth-Difference of artistic con-

sciousness from feeling and religion-Dreams and art inspiration

and deliberation-Art and the typical-Independence of art-Art

and language-Schleiermacher's defects-Schleiermacher's services

THE PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE: HUMBOLDT AND STEINTHAL

Progress of Linguistic-Linguistic speculation at the beginning of the

nineteenth century-Wilhelm von Humboldt: relics of intellectual-

ism-Language as activity: internal form-Language and art in

Humboldt-H. Steinthal: the linguistic function independent of

the logical-Identity of the problems of the origin and the nature

of language-Steinthal's mistaken ideas on art: his failure to unite

Linguistic and Esthetic

MINOR GERMAN ESTHETICIANS

Minor æstheticians in the metaphysical school-Krause, Trahndorff,

Weisse and others-Fried. Theodor Vischer-Other tendencies-

Theory of the Beautiful in nature, and that of the Modifications

of Beauty-Development of the first theory: Herder-Schelling,

Solger, Hegel-Schleiermacher - Alexander von Humboldt-

Vischer's" Esthetic Physics "-The theory of the Modifications of

Beauty from antiquity to the eighteenth century-Kant and the

post-Kantians-Culmination of the development-Double form of

the theory: the overcoming of the ugly: Solger, Weisse and others

-Passage from abstract to concrete: Vischer-The legend of

Sir Purebeauty".

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