Aesthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic - Benedetto Croce - Google Libri

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of the imitation of nature-Criticism of the theory of the elementary

forms of the beautiful-Criticism of the search for the objective

conditions of the beautiful-The astrology of Esthetic.

THE ACTIVITY OF EXTERNALIZATION.

AND THE THEORY OF THE ARTS

The practical activity of externalization-The technique of external-

ization-Technical theories of the different arts-Criticism of

æsthetic theories of particular arts—Criticism of the classification of

the arts-Criticism of the theory of the union of the arts-Relation

of the activity of externalization to utility and morality.

TASTE AND THE REPRODUCTION OF ART

Esthetic judgement: its identity with æsthetic reproduction - Im-

possibility of divergences-Identity of taste and genius-Analogy

with other activities-Criticism of æsthetic absolutism (intellectual-

ism) and relativism-Criticism of relative relativism-Objection

founded on the variation of the stimulus and of psychic dis-

position-Criticism of the distinction of signs into natural and con-

ventional-The surmounting of variety-Restorations and historical

THE HISTORY OF LITERATURE AND OF ART

Historical criticism in literature and art: its importance-Literary and

artistic history: its distinction from historical criticism and from

the aesthetic judgement-The method of artistic and literary history

-Criticism of the problem of the origin of art-The criterion of

progress and history—Non-existence of a single line of progress in

artistic and literary history-Errors committed against this law—

Other meanings of the word "progress" in relation to Esthetic .

CONCLUSION: IDENTITY OF LINGUISTIC AND ÆSTHETIC

Summary of the study-Identity of Linguistic with Esthetic-Esthetic
formulation of linguistic problems-Nature of language-Origin

of language and its development-Relation between Grammar and

Logic-Grammatical kinds or parts of speech-The individuality

of speech and the classification of languages-Impossibility of a

normative Grammar-Didactic organisms--Elementary linguistic

facts, or roots-Esthetic judgement and the model language

HISTORY OF ESTHETIC

ÆSTHETIC IDEAS IN GRÆCO-ROMAN ANTIQUITY

Point of view of this History of Esthetic-Mistaken tendencies, and
attempts towards an ÆEsthetic, in Græco-Roman antiquity-Origin
of the aesthetic problem in Greece-Plato's rigoristic negation
Esthetic hedonism and moralism

Mystical æsthetic in

antiquity Investigations as to the Beautiful-Distinction be-

tween the theory of Art and the theory of the Beautiful-Fusion

of the two by Plotinus-The scientific tendency: Aristotle-The

concepts of imitation and of imagination after Aristotle: Philos-

tratus-Speculations on language

ESTHETIC IDEAS IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE

Middle Ages. Mysticism: Ideas on the Beautiful-The pedagogic theory
of art in the Middle Ages-Hints of an Esthetic in scholastic philo-
sophy-Renaissance: Philography and philosophical and empirical
inquiries concerning the Beautiful-The pedagogic theory of art
and the Poetics of Aristotle-The "Poetics of the Renaissance "-
Dispute concerning the universal and the probable in art-G.
Fracastoro L. Castelvetro Piccolomini and Pinciano - Fr.
Patrizzi (Patricius)

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FERMENTS OF THOUGHT IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

New words and new observations in the seventeenth century-Wit-

Taste-Various meanings of the word taste-Fancy or imagination

-Feeling-Tendency to unite these terms-Difficulties and contra-

dictions in their definition-Wit and intellect-Taste and in-

tellectual judgement-The “je ne sais quoi”—Imagination and

sensationalism: the corrective of imagination-Feeling and sen-

ÆSTHETIC IDEAS OF THE CARTESIAN AND LEIBNITIAN SCHOOLS,
AND THE "ESTHETIC" OF BAUMGARTEN

Cartesianism and imagination-Crousaz and André-The English :

Locke, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson and the Scottish School-Leibniz :

"petites perceptions" and confused knowledge-Intellectualism of

Leibniz-Speculations on language-J. C. Wolff-Demand for

an organon of inferior knowledge-Alexander Baumgarten: his

"Esthetic "-Esthetic as science of sensory consciousness-Criti-

cism of judgements passed on Baumgarten - Intellectualism of

Baumgarten-New names and old meanings

GIAMBATTISTA VICO

Vico as inventor of æsthetic science-Poetry and philosophy: imagina-

tion and intellect-Poetry and history-Poetry and language---

Inductive and formalistic logic- Vico opposed to all former

theories of poetry-Vico's judgements of the grammarians and

linguists who preceded him-Influence of seventeenth-century

writers on Vico-Esthetic in the Scienza Nuova-Vico's mistakes

-Progress still to be achieved

MINOR ÆSTHETIC DOCTRINES OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

The influence of Vico-Italian writers: A. Conti—Quadrio and Zanotti

-M. Cesarotti-Bettinelli and Pagano-German disciples of

Baumgarten: G. F. Meier-Confusions of Meier-M. Mendelssohn

and other followers of Baumgarten-Vogue of Esthetic-Eberhard

and Eschenburg-J. G. Sulzer-K. H. Heydenreich-J. G. Herder

-Philosophy of language

OTHER ESTHETIC DOCTRINES OF THE SAME PERIOD

Other writers of the eighteenth century: Batteux-The English: W.

Hogarth-E. Burke-H. Home-Eclecticism and sensationalism:

E. Platner Fr. Hemsterhuis - Neo-Platonism and mysticism :

Winckelmann-Beauty and lack of significance-Winckelmann's

contradictions and compromises-A. R. Mengs-G. E. Lessing-

Theorists of ideal Beauty-G. Spalletti and the characteristic_

Beauty and the characteristic: Hirt, Meyer, Goethe

I. Kant-Kant and Vico-Identity of the concept of Art in Kant and

Baumgarten-Kant's "Lectures "-Art in the Critique of Judg

ment-Imagination in Kant's system-The forms of intuition and

the Transcendental Esthetic-Theory of Beauty distinguished by

Kant from that of Art-Mystical features in Kant's theory of Beauty

THE ESTHETIC OF IDEALISM SCHILLER, SCHELLING,

The Critique of Judgment and metaphysical idealism-F. Schiller

-Relations between Schiller and Kant--The æsthetic sphere as the

sphere of Play-Esthetic education-Vagueness and lack of pre-

cision in Schiller's Esthetic-Schiller's caution and the rashness of

the Romanticists-Ideas on Art: J. P. Richter-Romantic Esthetic

and idealistic Esthetic-J. G. Fichte-Irony: Schlegel, Tieck,

Novalis F. Schelling-Beauty and character-Art and Philosophy

-Ideas and the gods: Art and mythology-K. W. Solger-Fancy

and imagination—Art, practice and religion—G. W. F. Hegel-Art

in the sphere of absolute spirit-Beauty as sensible appearance of

the Idea―Æsthetic in metaphysical idealism and Baumgartenism—

Mortality and decay of art in Hegel's system

SCHOPENHAUER AND HERBART

Esthetic mysticism in the opponents of idealism-A. Schopenhauer-
Ideas as the object of art-Æsthetic catharsis-Signs of a better

theory in Schopenhauer-J. F. Herbart-Pure Beauty and re-

lations of form-Art as sum of content and form-Herbart and

Kantian thought.

ΧΙ

FRIEDRICH SCHLEIERMACHER

Esthetic of content and Esthetic of form: meaning of the contrast-

Friedrich Schleiermacher-Wrong judgements concerning him-

Schleiermacher contrasted with his predecessors-Place assigned to

Esthetic in his Ethics-Esthetic activity as immanent and individual

-Artistic truth and intellectual truth-Difference of artistic con-

sciousness from feeling and religion-Dreams and art: inspiration

and deliberation-Art and the typical-Independence of art-Art

and language-Schleiermacher's defects-Schleiermacher's services

THE PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE: HUMBOLDT AND STEINTHAL

Progress of Linguistic-Linguistic speculation at the beginning of the

nineteenth century-Wilhelm von Humboldt: relics of intellectual-

ism-Language as activity: internal form-Language and art in

Humboldt-H. Steinthal: the linguistic function independent of

the logical-Identity of the problems of the origin and the nature

of language-Steinthal's mistaken ideas on art: his failure to unite

Linguistic and Esthetic

MINOR GERMAN ESTHETICIANS

Minor æstheticians in the metaphysical school-Krause, Trahndorff,

Weisse and others-Fried. Theodor Vischer-Other tendencies-

Theory of the Beautiful in nature, and that of the Modifications

of Beauty-Development of the first theory: Herder-Schelling,

Solger, Hegel - Schleiermacher- Alexander von Humboldt-

Vischer's" Esthetic Physics "-The theory of the Modifications of

Beauty from antiquity to the eighteenth century-Kant and the

post-Kantians-Culmination of the development-Double form of

the theory: the overcoming of the ugly: Solger, Weisse and others

-Passage from abstract to concrete: Vischer-The "legend of

Sir Purebeauty".

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