is more Greek than Latin,' and what else could they suppose the Alps to be' &c. Fabri compares XXIV. 26. 7, conjugem ac liberos de vita dimicare quid obstantes libertati. § 7. Fingerent. The equivalent in orat. obl. for the imper. in or. dir. fauces. A suggestion of Heerwagen for the paucis of the MSS. § 8. Ne mai. q. eorum. Livy v. 34 gives at some length an account of the passage of the Gallic tribes across the Alps in the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, and of the various settlements about the Po. § 9. quid...esse. The constr. implies that a negative idea, nihil...esse, is wrapped up in the interr. form. § 10. caput o. t. is an anachronism of the writer or prolepsis rhetorically, and is somewhat out of place in the mouth of Hannibal. § 11. ea. Nägelsbach notes that hæc is often used comprehensively by Romans of the Roman state and empire. Si modo hæc stabunt, Cic. Attic. XII. 19. 1. So probably ea in this sentence. cederent...sperent. The difference in tense probably points to the confidence of Hannibal that the latter alternative would be realized. campum int. The campus Martius. Cf. Juv. x. 155, actum inquit nihil est nisi Pœno milite portas | frangimus, et media vexillum pono Suburra. C. XXXI. § 1, adversa ripa. adverso flumine 'up the stream.' Formed on the analogy of 27.3. P. 33, § 2. non quia rectior. The shortest round by the coast must have brought H. at once into conflict with the Romans. There can be little doubt that his route had been planned before with the envoys from Gaul, and that the longer road was partly chosen to bring him into friendly country as he issued from the mountain pass. § 3. minus obviam. The tanto to answer to the quantum is here as often omitted. § 4. Quartis castris. After 4 days' march, at the 4th time of encamping. Insulam. This was of course the Insula Allobrogum, but various attempts have been made to fix it elsewhere, and all C. L. 13 the rivers near have been pressed into the service by the advocates of the various routes. Ibi Isara. Most MSS. read Arar, and as Fabri and others note, Silius Italicus seems to have had this reading before him III. 452. Yet H. could not have reached it in 4 days' march. Two MSS. have bisarar and ibisarar, which suggests the reading of the text. It is curious that the corresponding passage in Polyb. III. 49 has Zxápas as the reading of most MSS., for which Casaubon proposed "Apap and Schweighæuser 'Ioápas. The description of the insula in the latter is that of an eyewitness who was struck by its fertility and population, and compared it with the Delta of the Nile. diversis ex Alp. The Rhone from the Saint Gothard, the Isère from Mont Iseran. § 5. Incolunt prope. In itself a strange expression as applied to the ins. Allob., but Livy probably is thinking of the point on the Rhone at which H. had arrived, and the prope refers to the neighbouring country. Efforts have been made however to prove that the Allobroges were then south of the Isère, and not until later in the insula. The term 'prope' does not go far to prove this, and it has little evidence to rest on. Incolunt is used absolutely as 1. 1. 3, qui inter mare Alpesque incolebant. gens iam inde. The Allobroges were already a powerful tribe, though their relations with Rome began at a much later date. The account of Pol. III. 49 seems to distinguish between them and the subjects of Brancus, but perhaps does not really do so. § 6. ambigebant. More commonly used with de, as 10. 9, XL. 15. 3. poterat. The subject to this is the compound notion, frater et cœtus juniorum. Cf. 25. 8, Mutina præsidiumque in periculo esset. § 7. Huius sed. 'As this civil feud was very opportunely referred to H. for arbitration.' peropportuna. Used adverbially. Rem rejicere is a phrase often used by Livy in like cases, like the causam ad senatum remittere of Tac. Ann. III. 10. § 8. adiutus. Not only so, but according to Polybius, escorted by the chieftain to the foot of the pass. § 9. From this point onwards it is hopeless to reconcile the accounts of the march in Polybius and Livy, who while agreeing in much of the description, especially in the details which admit of rhetorical treatment, yet widely diverge in local data. The former traces the route almost certainly over the little St Bernard, the latter probably over Mont Genèvre. Ammianus Marcellinus xv. 10 closely follows Livy, as also does Silius Italicus in the lines III. 466: Jamque Tricastinis intendit finibus agmen, Jam faciles campos, jam rura Vocontia carpit; Cf. The Appendix' on the Route of Hannibal.' recta regione. 'In direct course.' Cf. Lucr. 11. 249, and Cic. Verr. v. 176, si quis tantulum de recta regione deflexerit. ad lævam. These words have given much trouble to the interpreters. They have been explained as the left hand of Livy sitting in his study,' or 'the left of an army in retreat, which would be equivalent to the ordinary_right,' or 'the left bank of the Isère,' or they have been regarded as a mistake for the right hand. They seem to imply Livy's belief that after the proceedings in the island, H. marched down the stream a little way, hearing possibly of Scipio's withdrawal, and then turned off to what was later Augusta Tricastinorum (Aoste). Vocontiorum. They are localized by Strabo, Iv. 6. 4, in the mountain woodland between the Allobroges and Salyes. The Tricorii are placed by Strabo to the east of the Vocontii, or between the Drac and the Durance. haud usquam impedita. A most unfitting description for the tangled country between the Isère and the Durance. Druentia. Attempts have been made to identify this with the Arve, the Dranse, or the Drac. It is of course the Druentius of Strabo who calls it ποταμός χαραδρώδης, the modern Durance. It is true that it would have been out of the natural course from the Insula, nor would H. in that case have come across the Allobroges. Also Livy's description may suit the lower, but not the upper stream along which the army must have travelled, if at all. He probably took it from some topographer's account, and Lavallée calls it 'la rivière la plus desordonnée de la France,' Geogr. Phys. 186. § 11. vada...gurgites. These acc. may depend on præbet, but more probably on volvens, which by zeugma is used in a somewhat different sense with them and with saxa. glareosa is an awkward epithet for saxa, unless we take it to mean that the bed was full of rocks and gravel mixed. P. 34, c. XXXII. § 1. triduo. The crossing-place was four days' march from the mouth, we are not told how far from Scipio's camp. movit, as often, absolutely for se movit, or castra. quadr. agmine. Cf. 5. 16, where the words are transposed. § 2. videt. Here, as 33. 3, two distinct uses of the verb are combined, physical and mental vision. Ita tutius ita. Because his own troops would be fresh, and those of H. exhausted or thinned by the long march. carries a good deal of meaning by implication. § 3. nuda auxiliis. This policy was aimed at the real base of H's operations, and the source to which he looked for reinforcements. Arnold says, "Had Scipio, at this critical juncture, not sent his army to Spain..., his son would in all probability never have won the battle of Zama." Yet had Scipio been ready with a larger army to attack the wearied troops of H. as they issued from the mountain-pass-and there was nothing to prevent him,-it might have fared ill with the invaders. § 4. ad pell. Hasd. Scipio can hardly have known as yet the arrangement made by Hannibal before he left Spain. § 5. Genua. Nothing is known of Genua before this time. It was destroyed by Mago, Livy xxviii. 46. 8, and rebuilt as a municipium by Rome, xxx. 1. 10. eo...exercitus. Cf. on 29. 6. § 6. ab Druentia. His course would be rather along' than from the river, and would certainly not have been 'campestri it.', for though the route of Polyb. admits for a time of this description, it is out of place in Livy's. pace incolentium. For the gen. cf. the expression Lucr. v. 1229, Divom pacem votis adit. § 7. The following description is somewhat absurd as applied to the lower Alpine valleys, and is a bit of fine writing in which Livy gives full scope to his rhetorical taste, working upon the description of some traveller, who exaggerated the horrors of his journey. Note the absence of any sense of the grandeur of mountain scenery, which was possibly, as Macaulay suggests, overpowered by the sense of danger. In general the sense of the picturesque is of modern growth. Polybius, who had himself travelled over the ground, is much more guarded in his language, and guilty of no such exaggerations as Livy. prius is a pleonasm with præcepta, like præoccupatos ante in 20. 8. torrida frigore. Cf. 40. 9, præusti artus...torrida gelu, XL. 45. 1, arbores deusserat hiems. § 8. Erigentibus. "As the vanguard was climbing the lower heights. This incident, like most others on the march, occurs also in Polybius, though the localities are quite distinct. P. 35. stragem dedissent. Cf. use of dare in such phrases as Verg. Æn. xii. 575, dant cuneum, vi. 76, finem dedit ore loquendi, and in Lucr. dare pausam, dare motus. "One is tempted to look at it as a half-conscious reminiscence of the do which survives in credo, abdo, condo, &c., and has the same origin as тionμi and S. dadhâmi." Munro, Lucr. Iv. 41. § 9. inter confragosa omn. is a bold construction of which Livy is fond. Cf. ix. 13. 5, per omnia pacata, XXIII. 2. 1, inter corrupta omnia, XXII. 6. 11, super cetera extrema. § 10. Tum per eosdem. "But when the friendly Gauls had managed to engage the mountaineers in friendly talk, as there was but little difference in their patois, or in manners, they informed him," &c. Strictly we must understand a montanis with abhorrentes. dilabi. Often used of soldiers deserting. Cf. XXII. 2. 1, Gallos si tædio laboris...dilaberentur. ex aperto. 'Openly.' For the form cf. § 7, ex propinquo, XXII. 7. 4, ex vano, ex æquo, ex publico, ex antiquo, ex composito, ex improviso. So also with in and pro. § 12. laxatas. Vigilance relaxed,' or more probably 'the outposts thinned.' laxare is a favourite word with Livy in metaphorical uses, as 11. 34, laxare annonam, 59. 6, laxare pugnam, Ix. 16. 10, laxare aliquid laboris, laxior locus, laxa mentum. § 13. angustias evadit. Polyb. diývve tàs dvoxwpías, III. 51. tumulis. Livy prefers the abl. without a preposition, with consedit, and like verbs. C. XXXIII. § 2. arce. as well as a fortified post. via transire. Often used for a natural stronghold This use of a modal or local abl. without a |