SUBJUNCTIVE. With ut after causa, cum eo, pro eo, ab eo. GERUNDIVE. Frequently used in abl. abs. or instrumental abl. quærendis pedetentium vadis evasere; insertion of ipse, quisque in abl. gerund. phrases. Cf. note on XXI. 45. 9. PARTICIPLE. Substantival use of past part. pass. : for an abstract subst., as Sicilia amissa, ex dictatorio imperio concusso; for a concrete subst., as ridentis speciem, strepentium pavores; as object to the verb, id male commissum ignavia in bonum vertit; as subject to the verb, diu non perlitatum dictatorem tenuit; absolute use in nom.: habitantes Lilybai; absolute use in abl. inexplorato, edicto, auspicato; hypothetically invicta si седио dimicaretur campo; future part. to express intention, or assumption: ita transmissurus si; omission of participle, cursus per urbem, pugna ad Trebiam, rudis ad artes; asyndeton in use of part. : pulsa plebs armata profecta; in comparative and superl. forms: conjunctius, conspectior; Greek idiom with fallo: fefellere instructi; large number of deponent part. in passive sense: pactus, emensus; neuter verbs impersonally in part. pass.: concursum est, tumultuatum. PLEONASM. Of frequent occurrence: legati retro domum unde venerant redierunt, novus rursus de integro labor, ante præoccupare. BRACHYLOGY. Quo ad conveniendum diem edixerat, ad fidem promissorum obsides accipere, neutros pugnam hme that точа adever INTRODUCTION. III. xlix incipientes timor tenuit; carried to an awkward ex- allams historian seems quite ELLIPSE. Tantum ne, modo ne, at enim, retinere conati sunt ni summovissent. CHIASMUS is a marked feature of his style: animus ad pugnam ad fugam spes, in urbem Romani Pani in castra. ANAPHORA. Hic vobis terminum...fortuna dedit: PARONOMASIA. Hospitem non hostem, hostis pro INVERSION in order of familiar expressions: pro parte virili, belli domique, nocte dieque, inferos super osque. ANASTROPHE OF PREPOSITION. Capuam propius, In general we may notice the growing tendency to copy Greek forms of expression, which the want of the article as also of the participle of the substantive verb often render less natural in Latin. INTRODUCTION. IV. THE TEXT AND ORTHOGRAPHY OF LIVY'. THE oldest MS. of the third decade of Livy is that which is preserved in the National Library at Paris, under the name of the Codex Puteanus (P), dating probably from the beginning of the eighth century. In the earlier edition (1860) of the Emendationes Liviana, Madvig came to the conclusion that this was the source of all the extant MSS., which he believed to differ from it only in the various errors due to the carelessness of later copyists. But the researches of Mommsen and Studemund have thrown light on the influence of another Codex called Spirensis (S), from which a number of readings were noted down long ago by Beatus Rhenanus, but which has since disappeared with the exception of a single leaf discovered a few years back (C. Halm in Act. 1 Compare Madvig, Emendationes Liviana; Mommsen and Studemund, Analecta Liviana; Brambach, Neugestaltung d. Lat. Orthographie; Corssen, Aussprache d. Lat. Sprache. Monac. 1869). This, or its unknown original, is not entirely represented by any extant MS.; it seems to have come to light at a later time than P, and all of the copies made from it, or derived indirectly from it, show distinct traces of the influence of P, which was referred to probably in obscure or doubtful passages, so that readings from P are found in the margin, or the text even, of the MSS. that can best be traced to S. It Further enquiry may possibly succeed in distinguishing still further the two families of MSS. That of P is admitted to be the earliest and best; it abounds however in obvious errors and omissions, which various editors have gradually corrected. would be quite hopeless to adhere even to the best MS. authority, and bold as some of the suggestions of Madvig may appear, we must remember that the text has been thrown into its present shape by many critics who have been forced to go to work with equal freedom. We may take one specimen as given by him to prove in his own words 'quantum ubique sordium et robiginis detergendum sit.' It is the beginning of B. XXII, as it appears in P. Jam vero adpetebatque Hannibal ex hibernis metuit et neque eo qui iam ante conatus transcendere Appenninum intolerandis frigoribus et cum ingenti periculo moratus ac metu. Gallis, quos prædæ populationumque con sciverat spes, postquam pro eo, ut ipsi ex alieno agro raperent acgerentque, suas terras sedem belli esse præ miique utriusque partis exercituum hibernis viderent, verterunt retro Hannibalem odia. So faulty a MS. can be little trusted in nice questions of orthography, and Madvig accordingly has not attempted to reproduce the forms of Livy's age, or to give us the spelling of the historian himself, but has fallen back upon the orthography of Quintilian's age, which was fixed by the authority of critics and grammarians, and which is known to have differed in material points from that of Livy's time, when it was still shifting and unsettled. It may be convenient however to formulate some of the chief points of difference between the spelling most in vogue at the end of the Republic, and that of a century later, though with the caution that we cannot tell exactly when the change in each case took place, or how far personal taste may have modified the general fashion. O. V. vo was at first usual, as in servos, volnus. The change to vu took a century to effect, from Augustus to Vespasian, cf. Quintilian 1. 7. § 26. O. E. The change from vortex to vertex begar with Scipio Africanus, but some forms advorsus, controvorsia, voster lasted till the Empire, when there was doubt between fœnoris, fœneris, &c. V. E. We have the later form of the gerundive of the third and fourth conj. as early as B.C. 185, but the older form, as faciundus, appears much later, especially in archaic formularies. V. I. Maxumus, optumus were common before |