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scriptive of the "thunder of ordnance" in battle than "The crack, the echo, and the soldiers cry Make deaf the air"? There is another departure Shakespeare was prompt to make. He hardly ever gives us studies of the geography and of the zoology and personnel of hell-the dogs, the curs, the hags of Tartarusthe rivers Phlegethon, Styx, and Cocytus-Lerna and Avernus, etc. Kyd followed the others in believing these to be necessary adjuncts of tragic writing. I mentioned that there is little evidence or none of community between Tamburlaine and The Spanish Tragedy. But that does not at all apply to Kyd's later plays Cornelia and Soliman and Perseda, which show many signs of Tamburlaine. The absence of Tamburlaine from Kyd's tragedy is unexpected; Kyd was not addicted to self-restraint of that sort. Possibly they were simultaneous,

or else Kyd had no acquaintance with it.

With these preliminary remarks (for the insufficiency and inadequateness of which I must express my apologies) I will quote my selected parallels :

I HENRY VI. AND TAMBURLAINE.

I. i. 3. Comets

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ACT I.

Brandish your crystal tresses in the sky. Tamburlaine, Part I. v. i. (32, b): "Flora in her morning's pride Shaking her silver tresses in the air."

I. i. 149. "I'll hale the Dauphin headlong from his throne. Tamburlaine, Part II. IV. iii. (65, a): “ Haling him headlong to the lowest hell.”

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1. ii. 47. Bastard of Orleans, thrice-welcome to us. Tamburlaine, Part I. v. i. (36, b): "O sight thrice-welcome to my joyful soul, To see the king." See Introduction to Part I. on this figure. "Thrice-valiant" is in First Contention (at Part II. 1. i. 188). In Tamburlaine, "thricenoble,' ," "thrice-renowmed" and "thrice-worthy " (Part II.) also occur. With Henry's death the English circle ends. Tamburlaine, Part I. II. vi. (18, a): "The loathsome circle of my dated life."

I. ii. 136.

I. vi. 12. Why ring not out the bells . . . Command the citizens make bonfires. Tamburlaine, Part I. 111. iii. (25, b): “Now will the Christian Miscreants be glad, Ringing with joy their superstitious bells, And making bonfires."

ACT II.

II. i. 12. Having all day caroused and banqueted. Tamburlaine, Part II. 1. i. (end): "Come banquet and carouse with us a while." Tamburlaine, Part II. Act I. (end): “Come, let us banquet and carouse the whiles"; and elsewhere. And in Tamburlaine, Part I. iv. iv. 5: "Let us freely banquet and carouse Full bowls of wine."

II. i. 43. Since first I follow'd arms. Tamburlaine, Part II. 1. iii. (47, a): "But, while my brothers follow arms, my lord, Let me accompany my gracious mother."

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II. i. 80. I have loaden me with many spoils. Tamburlaine, Part I. 1. i. (8, a): “milk-white steeds of mine all loaden with the heads of killed men." Note "of mine" here, as arm of mine" (Tamburlaine, Part II. iv. iii. (65, a)); "breast of mine" (Tamburlaine, Part II. v. i. (69, a)), frequent in these three plays, but not so, later, in Shakespeare. Archaic.

II. ii. 48, 49. a world of men Could not prevail with all their oratory. Tamburlaine, Part II. 1. i. (44, a): "He brings a world of people to the field."

II. iii. 62. These (soldiers) are his substance, sinews, arms and strength. Tamburlaine, Part II. 1. i. (45, a): "stout lanciers of Germany The strength and sinews of the imperial seat.'

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II. V. II, 12, 13. pithless . . . sapless . . . strengthless. Tamburlaine, Part II. II. iii. (51, a): "breathless . . . senseless . . And II. iv. (same page): "endless.

tives (often new) became a vogue.

quenchless." ceaseless." Grouping these adjec

II. v. 47-49. He used his lavish tongue And did upbraid me with . . obloquy. Tamburlaine, Part I. iv. ii. (27, a): "You must devise some torment... To make these captives rein their lavish tongues." Earlier in Golding.

ACT III.

III. i. 171. I girt thee with. Tamburlaine, Part II. III. v. (58, a): "to girt Natolia's walls with siege."

III. iii. 7. We'll pull his plumes and take away his train. Tamburlaine, Part I. 1. i. (7, b): "Tamburlaine That as I hear, doth mean to pull my plumes.'

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III. iv. 38. The law of arms is such That whoso draws a sword. Tamburlaine, Part I. 11. iv. (16, a): "Thou breakst the law of arms, unless thou kneel." Probably earlier.

ACT IV.

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IV. i. 97. Vile and ignominious terms. Tamburlaine, Part II. v. i. (69, a): "vile and ignominious servitude." 'Ignominious occurs also Tamburlaine, Part I. iv. iii. and 2 Henry VI. 111. i. 179. word then.

A new

IV. i. 175. I promise you, the king Prettily, methought, did play the orator (and in Parts II. and III.). Tamburlaine, Part I. 1. ii. (11, a): “look you I should play the orator," and "Our swords shall play the orators for us. See Table of Continued Expressions.

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IV. iii. 21.

II. iv. (16, a):

IV. vii. 3. "Smeared with IV. vii. 36.

Hemm'd about with grim destruction. Tamburlaine, Part I.
"Till I may see thee hemm'd with armed men."
Smear'd with captivity. Tamburlaine, Part I. v. i. (34, b):
blots of basest drudgery."

Did flesh his puny sword in Frenchmen's blood. Tambur-
(61, a):
to flesh our taintless swords.'

laine, Part II. IV. IV. vii. 72, 73.

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i.
Here is a silly stately style indeed! The Turk that two-

and-fifty Kingdoms hath.

by the aid of God.

and thirty kingdoms

Tamburlaine, Part II. III. i. (53, a): "Bajazeth, Emperor of Natolia . . . and all the hundred .. Emperor of Turkey."

ACT V.

v. ii. 13. And means to give you battle presently. Tamburlaine, Part II. v. iii. (71, a): "Death with armies of Cimmerian spirits Gives battle 'gainst the heart of Tamburlaine."

V. iii. 11. familiar spirits. . . Out of the powerful regions under earth. Tamburlaine, Part II. iv. iii. (65, a): “O thou that sway'st the region under earth a king as absolute as Jove."

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v. iii. 155. Free from oppression or the stroke of war. Tamburlaine, Part. I. II. v. (16, b): “Since he is yielded to the stroke of war."

v. iv. 5. timeless death (and in Parts I. and II.). Tamburlaine, Part II. (end): "Let earth and heaven his timeless death deplore." Not in either Quarto of later Parts. See Table of Continued Expressions. Earlier in Whetstone's Promos and Cassandra (1578): "to see Andrugio tymeles dye" (Part I. II. i.).

v. iv. 87. May never glorious sun reflex his beams Upon the country. Tamburlaine, Part I. 111. ii. (20, a): "For neither rain can fall upon the earth, Nor sun reflex his virtuous beams thereon."

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v. iv. 120. boiling choler chokes The hollow passage of my poison'd voice. Tamburlaine, Part II. III. ii. (55, a): sorrow stops the passage of my speech."

v. v. 28. How shall we then dispense with that contract? Tamburlaine, Part I. v. i. (31, a): “I fear the custom . . . Will never be dispens'd with till our deaths."

...

2 HENRY VI. AND Tamburlaine.

ACT I.

1. i. 16. The fairest queen that ever king received. Tamburlaine, Part II. 111. v. (59, a): "The worthiest knight that ever brandished sword." (See Introduction, Part I. Spenser.) In Q.

1. i. 78, 79. lodge in open field In Winter's cold and Summer's ... heat. Tamburlaine, Part II. III. ii. (55, a): "sleep upon the ground Sustain the scorching heat and freezing cold." Not in Q.

1. i. 98. Blotting your names from books of memory. Tamburlaine, Part II. III. i. (53, b): "all the world should blot his dignities Out of the book of base-born infamies." Not in Q.

1. iii. 82. base-born callat. Tamburlaine, Part I. II. ii. (14, b): "base-born Tartars." (Often in both Parts.) Not in Q. I. iv. 14. To this gear. Not in Q.

to this gear." 1. iv. 16.

Tamburlaine, Part I. II. ii. (14, a): "let us

Well said (well done). Tamburlaine, Part II. v. i. (69, b): "Well said" (well done). Not in Q.

ACT II.

11. i. 161, 162. you have done more miracles than I; You made . . . whole towns to fly. Tamburlaine, Part II. III. ii. (55, a): "to undermine a

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town, And make whole cities caper in the air." (Surely Shakespeare is mocking at Marlowe here; like the silly-stately style of the Turks.) Not in Q.

ACT III.

Tamburlaine,

III. i. 49. As next the king he was successive heir. Part II. III. i. (53, a): “son and successive heir to . . . Bajazeth." Not in Q.

III. i. 362, 363. his thighs with darts Were almost like a sharp-quilled porpentine. Tamburlaine, Part II. 1. iii. (46, b): "hair . . . soft as down, (which should be like the quills of porpentine)." Not in Q. The verb "to caper" (new) occurs in both passages, but not in Q.

III. ii. 44. Did chase away the first-conceived sound. Tamburlaine, Part I. III. ii. (20, b): "As it hath chang'd my first-conceived disdain.” Not in Q.

III. ii. 80. Erect his statue and worship it. Tamburlaine, Part II. II. (end) (53, b): "And here will I set up her statue [Q], And march about it." Not in Q.

III. ii. 340. That I may dew it with my mournful tears. Tamburlaine, Part II. IV. ii. (63, b): "this earth, dew'd with thy brinish tears, Affords no herbs." ("Brinish" is only in 3 Henry VI. and Titus Andronicus.) Not in Q.

III. iii. 19. O thou eternal Mover of the heavens! Tamburlaine, Part I. iv. ii. (26, b): "The chiefest god, first mover of that sphere." Not in Q.

ACT IV.

IV. i. 48. Jove sometimes went disguised, and why not I? Tamburlaine, Part I. 1. ii. (12, a): "Jove sometime masked in a shepherd's weed." Adopted into 2 Henry VI. from Q. It probably dropt out of F by some accident.

IV. ii. 121. Rebellious hinds, the filth and scum of Kent. Tamburlaine, Part I. III. iii. (22, a): “cruel pirates of Argier . . . the scum of Africa." And iv. iii. (28, a). And Tamburlaine, Part II. Iv. i. (62, a). Not in Q.

IV. ii. 163. Fellow kings, I tell you that.

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Tamburlaine, Part II.

1. iii. (48, a): “loving friends and fellow kings." And Iv. iii. (65, a). Not in Q.

IV. ii. 180. And you that be the king's friends follow me. Tamburlaine, Part II. 1. iii. (47, a): “If thou will love the wars and follow me." See Table of Continued Expressions. Not in Q.

IV. iv. 10. God forbid so many simple souls Should perish by the sword. Tamburlaine, Part I. iv. ii. (28, a): "Not one should scape, but perish by our swords." Not in Q.

IV. vii. 114. if .. God should be so obdurate as yourselves (and 3 Henry VI. 1. iv. 92). Tamburlaine, Part I. v. i. (31, a): “ Might have entreated your obdurate breasts." Not in Q.

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IV. X. 53-54. As for words. Let this my sword report. Tamburlaine, Part I. 1. i. (8, a): " Go, stout Theridamas, thy words are swords." (But earlier examples in note to passage.) Not in Q.

IV. x. 84. Leaving thy trunk for crows to feed upon. Tamburlaine, Part II. II. iii. (51, b): “We will both watch and ward shall keep his trunk Amidst these plains for fowls to prey upon." Not in Q.

3 HENRY VI. AND TAMBUrlaine.

ACT I.

I. i. 91. with colours spread March'd through the city to the palace gates. Tamburlaine, Part I. Iv. i. (25, a): "Hath spread his colours to our high disgrace." Tamburlaine, Part II. 1. iii. (48, a): “Under my colours March ten thousand Greeks.” In Q.

1. i. 126. first shall war unpeople this my realm. Tamburlaine, Part I. III. iii. (22, a): "Let him bring millions infinite of men, Unpeopling Western Africa and Greece"; and Tamburlaine, Part II. 1. i. (48, a): "To aid thee . . . Is Barbary unpeopled for thy sake." In Q. Also in Peele and Spenser. Of no weight probably.

I. iii. 29-31. To wear a crown Within whose circuit is Elysium. . . bliss and joy. Tamburlaine, Part I. II. v. (17, a): “the pleasure they enjoy in heaven Cannot compare with kingly joys on earth, To wear a crown

."; and scene vii. (18, b): “that perfect bliss, The sweet fruition of an earthly crown." Not in Q. Compare the argument here about breaking oaths with that in Tamburlaine, Part II. 11. i. (49, 50).

ACT II.

II. i. 27. racking clouds. Tamburlaine, Part II. ¡v. iii. (65, a): "racking clouds." In Q ("a Racking cloud").

II. i. 74, 75. my soul's palace has become a prison: Ah, would she break from hence! Tamburlaine, Part II. iv. ii. (63, b): "a passage for my troubled soul, Which beats against this prison to get out." In Q.

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II. i. 91. princely eagle. Tamburlaine, Part II. iv. iii. (66, b): princely eagles." In Q.

II. i. 160. Shall we go throw away our coats of steel.

Tamburlaine,

Part I. IV. ii. (27, a): "My sword struck fire from his coat of steel." In Q.

Not in Q.

II. i. 200. But sound the trumpets, and about our task.
Part II. III. iii. (56, b): “come, let's about it."
II. i. 201. as hard as steel. Tamburlaine,

"hard as iron or steel." Not in Q.

Tamburlaine,

Part II. 1. iii. (46, b):

use it to the death.

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11. ii. 66. I'll draw it (sword). . . And . . spoken like a toward prince. Tamburlaine, Part II. iv. i. (61, a): “My other toward brother here, For person like to prove a second Mars." In Q. Promising. Specially refers here to pugnacity.

Ay, good my lord, and leave us to our fortune.

Tamburlaine,

II. ii. 75. Part II. III. iv. (57, a): “Come, good my lord, and let us haste from hence." (Note " from hence " several times in Henry VI.) In Q. Tamburlaine, Part II. III. ii. (55, a):

II. V. 106. Shed seas of tears.

"wept a sea of tears." Not in Q.

II. vi. 35. Command an argosy to stem the waves.

Tamburlaine,

Part II. 1. i. (43, b): "Beating in heaps against their argosies." Not

in Q.

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