Mommsen (Strafrecht, pp. 167, 544, 632) interprets the improbe factum of the third Valerian law as meaning that the magistrate who violated the conditions of the provocatio was a common offender; that the act was not a magisterial act, to be punished as a political offence (p. 544), but one belonging to the category of ordinary crimes. In such a case 'deckt ihn dabei sein Amt nicht und wird die Handlung als die eines Privaten betrachtet, also als Mord bestraft' (p. 167).
Suet. Caes. 12 (quoted p. 357, note 3). Mommsen, although he takes the view (Staatsr. ii. p. 617) that the lot was used in the appointment of the duumvirs, throws out the suggestion (ib. p. 618, note 1) that it may have been employed merely to determine which should pronounce the sentence. This view simplifies the procedure considerably; but, if it is correct, one can hardly imagine that Q. Metellus Celer was the nominating praetor. Metellus evidently disapproved of the whole proceedings, and would never have directly appointed Caesar, their originator, as one of the duumviri.
"The annual bill passed by the tribunes' (cf. pp. 317, 329, 361, 363, 467, 474). Cicero (in Verr. ii. 41, 100) speaks of the annual interdiction of the tribunes as having been effected by an edict. I have spoken of this measure sometimes as a bill, sometimes as an administrative act; for it seems as though it must have assumed both forms. Where the quaestiones had condemned, interdiction had already been pronounced by the people, and the magistrates need only declare who had been interdicted. But the people had pronounced no interdiction from Rome, either in the case of a man's going into exile to avoid condemnation in a iudicium populi, or in the case of a capital condemnation pronounced by a governor in a province. In such cases, it seems as though some formal resolution must have been elicited from the plebs; for the magistrate, although he can declare interdiction, cannot interdict.
It is impossible to discuss at length' the vexed, and from the point of view of procedure not very important, point of the number of days that Milo's trial actually lasted. An admirable examination of the question will be found in Mr. A. C. Clark's edition of the pro Milone. The view that I have stated in the text rests on the assumptions (1) that the trial began on April 4 and ended on April 8, which is stated by Asconius, if the numerals are not corrupt; (2) that when Asconius says (p. 40) 'quarta die adesse omnes in diem posterum iuberentur ac coram accusatore ac reo pilae. aequarentur; dein rursus postera die sortitio iudicum fieret,' he means that the acquatio pilarum was to take place on the fourth day, the sortitio on the fifth, although it is possible to translate the passage differently. The difficulty has arisen from the fact that Asconius (p. 41) seems actually to describe only four days' proceedings, and makes the contio of Plancus immediately follow the closing of the evidence and precede the day of the trial (cf. Cic. pro Mil. 2, 3, 'hesterna contione'). It is just possible that Asconius has missed out something in this summary; for a contio announced ('vocata contione' p. 52) and held between three o'clock in the afternoon (circa horam decimam,' p. 41) and nightfall is, even in the Rome of this period, remarkable. If there was a blank day, following the evidence and preceding the trial, the contio must have been held on that day. It is difficult to account for this interval; but it must have had the advantage of enabling the speakers to prepare arguments based on the evidence which had been delivered-an advantage secured in another way by the comperendinatio (p. 502).
(The references are to the pages; n. signifies the note on a page.)
Abductio in carcerem, in vincula, 333.
Absence, of defendant in civil pro-
cedure, see Indefensus; of accused
in criminal procedure, 461 ff., 473.
Absentia rei publicae causa, 257, 353,
461, 474.
Absolutio, 228.
Absolvo, vote of, 497.
Acceptum in literal contract. 548, 559.
Accomplices, evidence against, 484.
Account-books, see Codex and Tabulae.
Accusatio, see Prosecute; quarta, 346,
347, 348 n. I.
Accusator, in a comitial trial, 357;
used of patronus in some cases, and
of subscriptor, 475. See Prosecutor.
Acquittal, in civil procedure, 228,
235; in criminal procedure, 497,
498.
Actio, 2 n. 1; use of the word by
Cicero, 161, 167; in the sense of
a 'hearing' (in civil procedure),
272, 273 (in criminal procedure),
499; actio prima, secunda, 478, 500.
Actio aestimatoria, 553; aquae pluriae
arcendae, 40; arbitraria, 160; auctori-
tatis, 60 n.; bonae fidei, see Fides;
bonorum vi raptorum, 91 n. I; com-
muni dividundo, 153, 204; per con-
dictionem, 65, 164; confessoria, 60:
contraria, 204, 228, 559; damni dati
ri hominibus armatis, 91 n. I, 209,
553; damni iniuria dati, 209, 543,
553; depensi, 250; depositi, 157, 159,
206; directa, 204; de dolo malo, 178
n. 6; empti et venditi, 203 n. 3, 204;
in factum, 156, 190; familiae herci-
scundae, 40, 45, 65, 153, 165, 204,
228. 560, 566; fictitia, 156; finium
regundorum, 40 n. 1, 45, 153, 165,
196 n. 3, 228; furti, 63, 91, 165, 208;
hypothecaria, 89; incerti, 201; iniuria-
rum, 207, 553, 568; interrogatoria,
179; iudicati, 246, 250, 277, 279,
281, 283, 294; per iudicis arbitrire
postulationem, 51, 63 ff., 164, 202;
legis, 5, 9, 10, 36; meaning of and
procedure in, 50 ff.; locati, conducti,
203 n. 3, 204; mandati, 203 n. 3;
mandati contraria, 559 per manus
iniectionem, 44, 51, 68 ff., 108 n. 5,
164, 252, 255, 276, 277, 279, 281,
283, 527, 528; negatoria, 61; de pau-
perie, 165 n. 5; in personam, see
Persona; per pignoris capionem, 52,
67 ff., 164; poenalis, 206; rationibus
distrahendis, 64, 165; rei uxoriae,
64; in rem, see Res; sacramento,
II, 42, 44, 51, 164, 171, 182, 194,
528; in lex Calpurnia repetundarum,
416,419; procedure in, 52 ff., 185 ff.,
575; pro socio, 203 n. 3, 204, 206,
228, 542, 545, 549; per sponsionem
praeiudicialem, 185, 186 ff., 193, 194,
221, 249; tigni iuncti, 55.
Actions, publication of, 27.
Actor, 49, 50, 475; et petitor, 554.
Actus rerum, 129, 138, 269.
Addico, 69, 137.
Addictio, 44, 69, 73, 208, 252, 255,
279, 281, 559.
Addictus, 73, 278, 279, 280.
Adjournment, in civil jurisdiction,
139, 270; in criminal jurisdiction,
see Ampliatio.
Adiudicatio in the formula, 152.
Administrative jurisdiction, 12; in
the provinces, 122 ff., 129; in a
municipal town, 575, 576.
Adrogatio, formula of, 368 n. 2.
Adsertor in libertatem, 54, 61, 194.
Adstipulator, 540.
Adversaria, 275, 546, 548, 550.
Advocacy, see Advocatus and Patronus.
Advocatus, in civil procedure, 148, 167,
181, 237, 270, 531; in criminal
Album of the praetor, 84, 87, 147,
163, 172, 175, 178, 191, 231; iudi-
cum, 265, 388, 437, 445, 446, 448,
454, 455.
Allies of Rome, 32, 99; sentences
of Roman magistrates on, 398.
Altercatio, 478, 479.
Ambitus, 391, 422, 429, 431, 457 n. 6;
earliest quaestio de ambitu, 422; later
laws on, 425.
Amnesty, 524.
Ampliatio, 488, 498, 501, 502, 531, 557.
Amplius, 498.
Anquisitio, 345 and n. 3, 348, 357.
Antestatio, 141.
Appeal, civil, none from the provinces
to Rome, 109; in the provinces,
110; nature of in Cicero's time,
287 ff., 536; criminal, 305, 312,
318, 516 ff.; in quaestiones perpetuae,
452, 516 ff.
Appellatio, origin of, 25; intercession
based on, 289, 291; in criminal
procedure, 516 ff.
Aquae et ignis interdictio, see Interdictio.
Aratores, 116 n. 3, 123, 124, 129.
Arbiter, 18, 39, 62, 63, 67, 70, 200,
202, 226, 227, 533, 542, 544, 545,
562; functions of, 45.
Arbitrator, arbiter or iudex as an, 18.
Arbitria, 45.
Arbitrium, 63, 177, 192. 545, 549, 560;
as opposed to iudicium, 64, 198, 202.
Arbor infelix, 304.
Arrest, see Imprisonment and Manus
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Bail, see Vadari, Vades, Vadimonium.
Ballot, introduced in comitial trials
for perduellio, 350; voting by, in the
quaestiones, 497; Sullan ordinance
as to, 442.
Banishment, see Exilium and Inter-
dictio.
Bankruptcy, see Bonorum.
Basilicae, 133, 343 n. 5.
Beneficium, Restitution as a, 522.
Bona Dea, violation of rites of, 386.
Bonam copiam iurare, 74 n. 2, 280 n. 3.
Bonorum possessio, in inheritance, 29,
188, 213, 290; in bankruptcy, 96,
128, 144, 534, 541; in criminal
trials, 504; proscriptio, 128, 254;
procedure in, 284; in criminal
trials, 505; venditio, 128, 254, 257,
283, 535; procedure in, 285 ff.; in
criminal trials, 505; vi raptorum
actio, 91 n. I.
Bribery, aedilician impeachment for,
341; of president of a criminal
court, 433. See Ambitus.
Calendar, judicial, 136 ff., 457 ff.
Calumnia, 468 ff., 475; calumniae
iuramentum, 459, 470.
Campus Sceleratus, 378.
Capitis deminutio, 195 n. 1, 510, 567.
Carcer, 280.
Cascellianum iudicium, 224.
Castella, 34.
Castigatio, 299.
Causae, collectio, coniectio, 270; cognitio,
275, 535.
Cautio, iudicatum solvi, 538; de rato or
rati, 240, 241 n. Cf. Satisdatis.
Census, its connexion with the centum-
viri, 41, 182; with the lex Voconia,
95; of Equites, 434 n. 3, 448;
probable, of tribuni aerarii, 444.
Centumviri, 16, 40, 58, 173; appoint-
ment of, 43, 264; jurisdiction of,
182 ff.
Centuriata comitia, 41, 311, 318, 324,
329, 330, 338, 339, 342, 351, 357,
361, 444.
Centurions as iudices, 444 n. 4, 449.
Certatio in pontifical jurisdiction, 374.
Cessio in iure, 75.
Challenge of iudices, see Reicctio.
Citatio, 473 n. I.
Cires sine suffragio, 407.
Civis ex Latio, meaning of, 409 n. I.
Civitas, as a reward to prosecutors for
extortion, 422; loss of, 513, 567;
sine suffragio, 34.
Clients, holding precario. 220; ex-
empted from compulsory evidence,
484.
Codex, accepti et expensi, 275, 493, 548,
550 of urban praetor, 439.
Coercitio, 12, 94, 288, 321, 326 and n.
I, 327, 339, 341, 375; principles of
magisterial, 331 ff.; formal dif-
ferences in magisterial, 337; rela-
tion to criminal jurisdiction, 331;
of president of a court, 433 n. 6,
447 n. 3, 473; in enforcement of
evidence, 485.
Cognitio, 576; extraordinaria, 98, 149.
Cognitor, 146, 251, 475, 543, 546;
appointment and functions of, in
civil procedure, 236 ff.
Cohors praetoria, 410.
Colonies of Roman citizens, 34, 99,
103 n. 2, 173, 318, 406.
Columna Maenia, 343 n. 5, 344.
Comites of prosecutors in search of
evidence, 485.
Comitia, in the municipalities, 99,
103. 576; at Rome, see Centuriata,
Tributa.
Comitiatus maximus, 317 nn. 4 and 5.
Comitium, 73, 133.
Commissions, special for criminal
jurisdiction, 324, 339, 340, 379;
various types of, 380 ff.
Commodatum, 64, 204.
Commodum possessoris, 229.
Communi dividundo actio, 153, 204.
Communicatio iudiciorum, 443.
Communio comitiorum, as a condition of
the provocatio, 370, 406, 407.
Comperendinatio, in civil jurisdiction,
139; in criminal jurisdiction, 422,
478, 488, 493; nature and history
of, 499 ff.
Compromissum, 542, 544, 545, 549.
Concepta verba, 261, 300.
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Condemno, vote of, 497.
Condictio, 45; in the legis actio, 65 ff.;
in the formulary system, 196, 198 ff.;
its connexion with the oath, 261;
certi, 91, 199, 224, 233, 547, 549;
certae or certae creditae pecuniae, 108,
177, 547; triticaria, 201.
Confession, in civil procedure, 50,
251 ff.; in criminal procedure, 463 ff.,
479. 569; of parricide, 506.
Confessoria actio, 60.
Confessus, in civil procedure, 72, 75,
252, 254, 279, 282; in criminal
procedure, 569, 572; aeris confessi,
72 n. 3, 252, 527.
Confiscation of goods as a punishment,
326 n. 1, 515; accompanying inter-
diction, 355, 365; following comitial
trials, how executed, 364 and n. 3;
as a penalty on hostes, 403; added
to exile and inflicted on parricides
by Caesar, 508.
Congressus, 533.
Coniuratio, torture of slaves against
master in, 377 n. 3, 492.
Coniurationes, 399.
Consecratio, capitis, 300, 301; bonorum,
301, 302, 326, 332, 336.
Consensus, marriage by, 369.
Consilium, of king, 304; of provincial
governor, 410; in domestic juris-
diction, 368, 370, 371; in inquisition
on slaves, 480; in special commis-
sions, 383; in jurisdiction under
martial law, 403; of civil iudex,
133 n. 4, 542; used for iudices in
a quaestio, 387 n. 4, 393, 394, 395,
416, 442, 451, 495, 504, 523; con-
surgere in, 492 n. 2; dimittere, 495
n. 3; ire in, 276, 496; mittere in,
496 and n. 3.
Consortes, 560.
Constitutum, 533.
Consuetudo, 91; certa, 92.
Consuls, institution of, 25; survival
of civil jurisdiction of, 29, 82, 290;
criminal jurisdiction of, 308, 339;
coercitio of, 333, 337.
Contio, in comitial trials, 345, 346.
347, 352, 353, 357; preceding legis-
lation, 360; of Plancus in Milo's
trial, 578.
Contracts, bona fide, 64; consensual. 65.
Contrarindicatio, 56, 60, 231, 252.
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