VITRUVIANA.

BY GEORGE M. RICHARDSON.

VITRUVIUS POLLIO, whose treatise De architectura, inscribed

about 14 B.C., has characterized his work on the grammatical side in an apology of his own: I. 1, 17 peto, Caesar, et a te et ab is qui ea volumina sunt lecturi, ut si quid parum ad regulam artis grammaticae fuerit explicatum ignoscatur. namque non uti summus philosophus nec rhetor disertus nec grammaticus summis rationibus artis exercitatus sed ut architectus his litteris imbutus haec nisus sum scribere. Some anomalies of syntax and style, noted in reading Vitruvius, I propose to indicate in this paper. They are mainly vulgar, colloquial expressions such as an unpractised literary hand would be likely

to use.

The limitative use of the preposition a, ab, though doubtless common in every-day language, is rare in literature and mainly confined to those prime sources of vulgar Latin, Plautus and Cicero's Letters, e.g. Plaut. Truc. 47 bis periit amator, ab re atque ab animo simul. Vitruvius has this example: I. 1, 17 cum ergo talia ingenia ab naturali sollertia non passim cunctis gentibus sed paucis viris habere concedatur, peto e. q. s.

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Some interesting instances of the descriptive use of cum are seen in the following passages, where cum with a noun has the force of an adjective or adverb: I. 2, 5 decor autem est emendatus operis aspectus probatis rebus compositi cum auctoritate; ib. 6 si enim interiora prospectus habuerint elegantes, aditus autem humiles et inhonestos, non erunt cum decore; ib. 7 ita efficietur uti ex natura loci maiores auctasque cum dignitate divinitas excipiat opiniones; ib. 8 distributio autem est copiarum locique commoda dispensatio parcaque in operi

1 Cf. Teuffel, Röm. Lit.4 p. 575.

bus sumptus cum ratione temperatio; III. 1, 4 ergo si ita natura composuit corpus hominis uti proportionibus membra ad summam figurationem eius respondeant, cum causa constituisse videntur antiqui ut e. q. s.

Aliter repeated with a distributive force is not uncommon, but in this instance the phrase, with atque as its connective, has a peculiar turn: I. 1, 7 incursibus enim et circumitionibus et librata planitie expressionibus spiritus naturales aliter atque aliter fiunt (aliter nunc, aliter nunc).

"Das kopulative nec wird durch folgende Negation nicht aufgehoben, sondern verstärkt, aber nur in der alten Sprache mit Nachahmung bei Apuleius u. Gellius, z. B. 17, 21, 35 neque haud longe post und in der pleb. Sprache des Petron."1 I add an example from Vitruvius: I. 1, 14 nec tamen non tantum architecti non possunt in omnibus rebus habere summum effectum, sed etiam ipsi qui privatim proprietates tenent artium non efficiunt ut habeant omnes summum laudis principatum.

Oppido, in Quintilian's time (VIII. 3, 25) already antiquated, was a purely vulgar word. Vitruvius has it four times followed by quam : I. 3, 7 aquatiles autem piscium naturae quod temperatae sunt a calido plurimoque et aeris et terreni sunt compositae sed umoris habent oppido quam paulum, quo minus habent e principiis umoris in corpore, facilius in umore perdurant, e. q. s. ; VII. Praef. 14 et ideo maxime quod animadverti in ea re ab Graecis volumina plura edita, ab nostris oppido quam pauca; VIII. 3, 11 admiscetur ei fonticulus oppido quam parvulus; IX. (2), 2 cum (luna) praeteriens vadat ad orientis caeli partes, relaxari ab impetu solis extremumque eius partem candentiae oppido quam tenui linea ad terram mittere splendorem et ita ex eo eam secundam vocari.

The preference of certain writers for certain words is a familiar fact. Vitruvius' favorite is the somewhat cumbersome quemadmodum, which he uses in all one hundred and eighteen times.

I have grouped the examples as follows, beginning with the ordinary relative use of the word, where it introduces a clause: I. 4, 12

1 Schmalz, Handb. d. Alt.-Wiss. II, p. 304.

item in Apulia oppidum Salpia vetus, quod Diomedes ab Troia rediens constituit sive quemadmodum nonnulli scripserunt Elpias Rhodius, in eiusmodi locis fuerat conlocatum e. q. s.; II. praef., 5 itaque quemadmodum ab his sum institutus exponam; 8, 20; 9, 13; III. 1, 7; 2, 2 (bis); ib. 11; 3, 3 (bis); IV. 3, 3; V. praef., 1; 9, 6; 12, 3; ib. 6; VI. I, ; 4, 6; 8, 1; VII. praef., 3; ib. 6; VIII. 3, 20; IX. 4, 12; ib. 14; X. 6, 12; 8, 3; 19, 7; ib. 8; 21, 1. ber of examples: 28.

Num

In the following passages there is an adverb, or adverbial phrase, corresponding to quemadmodum, e.g. ita: I. 4, 8 ergo si haec ita videntur quemadmodum proposuimus e. q. s.; II. 6, 3 videtur esse certum ab ignis vehementia e tofo terraque quemadmodum in fornacibus ex calce, ita ex his ereptum esse liquorem; 8, 13; IV. 2, 4; 3, 6 ; V. 3, 3; 9, 4; II, 2; X. 4, 5. Number of examples: 9. In these examples we have sic: II. praef., 3 itaque quemadmodum formationem puto probandam sic iudico locum inprobandum; IV. 2, 5; et quemadmodum mutuli cantheriorum proiecturae ferunt imaginem, sic in ionicis denticuli ex proiecturis asserum habent imitationem; VII. praef., 4; ib. 17; 2, 2; 3, 9; IX. 9, 10; X. 8, 9; 11, 4. Number of examples: 9. In one instance we have etiam: IX. Praef. (2) ea autem ratio quemadmodum in multis rebus et mensuris est utilis, etiam in aedificiis scalarum aedificationibus uti temperatas habeant graduum librationes est expedita. In one, item: III. 1, 3 non minus quemadmodum schema rotundationis in corpore efficitur, item quadrata designatio in ea invenietur. Eodem modo occurs once: X. 15, 5 namque quemadmodum vectis cum est longitudine pedum V, quod onus IIII hominibus extollit, id cum est X duobus elevat, eodem modo bracchia quo longiora sunt mollius, quo breviora durius ducuntur. Eadem ratione once: VI. I, II quemadmodum enim Iovis stella inter Martis ferventissimam et Saturni frigidissimam media currens temperatur, eadem ratione Italia inter septentrionalem meridianamque ab utraque parte mixtionibus temperatas et invictas habet laudes.

Furthermore quemadmodum introduces an illustrative clause and means "for example": I. 1, 5 quemadmodum si quis statuas marmoreas muliebres stolatas, quae caryatides dicuntur pro columnis in opere statuerit et insuper mutulos et coronas conlocarent, percontantibus ita reddet rationem; 6, 1 quemadmodum in insula Lesbo oppi

dum Mytilene magnificenter est aedificatum et eleganter sed positum non prudenter; VI. 2, 2; IX. 4, 15; X. 8, 2; ib. 5. Number of examples: 6.

In the following examples quemadmodum introduces a single word or phrase with an ellipsis of the verbal idea: I. 1, 13 non enim debet nec potest esse architectus grammaticus uti fuit Aristarchus, sed non agrammatos, nec musicus ut Aristoxenus, sed non amusos ... nec plastes quemadmodum Myron seu Polyclitus; 5, 3 tum in crassitudine perpetuae taleae oleagineae ustilatae quam creberrimae instruantur, uti utraeque muri frontes inter se, quemadmodum fibulis, his taleis conligatae aeternam habeant firmitatem; ib. 7; II. 1, 6; 2, 4; 7, 3; III. 1, 3; (2), 3 (bis); 3, 3; VI. 11, 8; VII. 6; 11, 1; VIII. 7, 5; ib. 13; IX. 3, 15; 8, 2; 9, 11; X. 8, 7; 15, 3; 16, 2; 19, 7; 21, 1; ib. 6; 22, 6. No. of examples: 25. In two cases ad eundem modum corresponds to quemadmodum: IV. 6,3 sin autem ionico genere futura erunt, lumen altum ad eundem modum quemadmodum in doricis fieri videtur; ib. 4 hyperthyra autem ad eundem modum componantur quemadmodum in doricis, pro ratis partibus. Once we have sic: VII. praef., 17 id vero si marmoreum fuisset, ut haberet quemadmodum ab arte subtilitatem sic ab magnificentia et inpensis auctoritatem, in primis et summis operibus nominaretur.

I conclude with the interrogative use of the word. It stands in this sense in thirty-three passages: I. 1, 14 ergo si in singulis doctrinis singuli artifices neque omnes sed pauci aevo perpetuo nobilitatem vix sunt consecuti, quemadmodum potest architectus, . . . non id ipsum mirum et magnum facere ne quid ex his indigeat...? 6, 12; II. 1,9 (bis); 6, 5; 9, 15; ib. 17; III. praef., 1; ib. 3; 2, 13; (5), 8; IV. 2, 1; 6, 6; V. II, 1; 12, 7; VI. 1, 12; 8, 1; 9, 7; 10, 7; 11, 8 (bis); ib. 10; VIII. praef., 4; IX. praef., 4; 3, 18; 4, 13; X. 1, 5; 7, 1; 9, 1; 14, 7; 17, 9; 19, 1; 22, I. Quemadmodumcumque stands once as an indefinite relative: IX. (6), 3 de naturalibus autem rebus Thales Milesius, Anaxagoras Clazomenius rationes, quibus eae res natura rerum gubernarentur, quemadmodum cumque effectus habeant excogitatas reliquerunt.

The repetition in the apodosis of the word which in the protasis forms the conditional particle is a survival by way of correlation from the days of parataxis. Compare even in modern German: Schiller,

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W. Tell, 198 (4, 3) So du Gerechtigkeit von Himmel hoffest, so erzeig sie uns.1 Says Schmalz,2" Das mit deiktischem ce aus si entstandene sic korrespondiert mit si erst seit Horaz z. B. ep. 1, 7, 69 sic ignovisse putato, si cenas hodie mecum (ist aber vielleicht die urprüngliche Konstruktion so du heute mit mir speisest, so darfst du glauben"). Vitruvius affords this instance: I. 2, 7 naturalis autem decor sic erit, si primum omnibus templis saluberrimae regiones aquarumque fontes in his locis idonei eligentur in quibus fana constituantur, deinde e. q. s.

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The use of ut with the subjunctive in wishes, exhortations, and commands is especially interesting, as showing clearly the origin of its use in final clauses, which were originally paratactically expressed. This use of ut was practically confined to familiar discourse. For examples see Dahl, "Die Latein. Part. Ut," pp. 293-295, to which may be added: C. I. L. I. 196 haice utei in coventionid exdeicatis ne minus trinum nundinum. Vitruvius supplies these examples: I. 1, 3 et ut litteratus sit, peritus graphidos, eruditus geometria, historias complures noverit, . . . astrologiam caelique rationes cognitas habeat; VIII. 7, I si canalibus, ut structura fiat quam solidissima.

In indirect questions originally the indicative was used, which gave place to the subjunctive, when the need of a more intimate connection of the two sentences was felt (Schmalz, Handb. d. Alt. Wiss. II., p. 316). The indicative survived in vulgar speech, and in Vitruvius we read: II. 6, 4 relinquetur desideratio, quoniam item sunt in Etruria ex aqua calida crebri fontes, quid ita non etiam ibi nascitur pulvis, e quo eadem ratione sub aqua structura solidescat; 8, 18 quoniam ergo explicata ratio, est quid ita in urbe propter necessitatem angustiarum non patiuntur esse latericios parietes, cum extra urbem opus erit his uti, sine vitio ad vetustatem sic erit faciendum ; 9, 17 insequitur animadversis quid ita quae in urbe supernas dicitur abies deterior est, quae infernas egregios in aedificiis ad diuturnitatem praestat usus; IV. 2, 1 ; VII. 5, 4; IX. 3, 18; 4, 13; 5, 1.

1 Vernaleken Deutsche Syntax, II., p. 423.

2 Handb. d. klass. Altertums-Wiss. II., p. 357.