Exercise 15.

1. The men-of-Minturnæ repented of their ungrateful conduct towards a man who had been the safety of Italy. 2. The younger Marius put an end to his own life.3 3. In the proscriptions of Sulla, to many a man who belonged to no party an estate or a house was his destruction. For although the property of the proscribed belonged to the state, yet the friends of Sulla purchased it at-a-nominal-price. 4. Marius upbraided the nobles 5 [with] their effeminacy and idleness, and proudly compared his own words and exploits with their indolence and ignorance. His election was a great victory for the common-people, and a great humiliation to the aristocracy. 5. The great numbers of the enemy were a hindrance rather than a help to them. 6. Polybius taught the noblemen of Rome their own municipal law. 7. O Jupiter! give us those things that are-good-for us! 8. Praise is to an old man an empty sound. I have outlived my friends and my rivals. Nothing is now of much account to me. 9. An exile and a menial muttered the last farewell to Pompey, the mighty victor of the East, the powerful lord of the Roman Senate. 10. The Senate distributed provinces and suitable honors among the partisans of Brutus. II. The noblest of the Romans were ashamed of the victory by which they had avenged the disgrace of the Caudine Forks. 12. Old age is most irksome 7 to the poor.8 13. Publius Autronius and Servius Cornelius Sulla had been elected consuls, but were convicted of bribery. Catiline also, who wished to

become a candidate, had been impeached for oppression in his province by Publius Clodius. 14. Caius Mucius was seized by the guards and brought before the king, who threatened him with cruel tortures. But he said, "See now how little your torments terrify: 2 me." Then he plunged his right hand into the fire of an altar that burned near by, and held it in the flames, by which it was wholly consumed. From this act the name Scævola was given him, which signifies He that uses the left hand. 15. The second secession extorted from the patricians again a second" great charter of liberty. The people had become tired of the decemvirs, and were dissatisfied 5 with their measures; for which reason they retired from [their] office, and the people elected ten tribunes. The decemvirs were then accused of treason, and some were condemned to death, others committed suicide. Two consuls were elected, and the Valerian and Horatian laws were passed. The plebeians were still, however, debarred from marriage with the patricians.

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8

3

1 reus fieri. Subjunctive. alter.pignus. paenitet.

Lesson 17.

Cases.-8. Time and Place.

LEARN §§ 256, with a; 257, 258 (reading Notes), with a, b, c, d, f, g, and Remarks.

Learn also §§ 259. a to h, and 260. a.

a. Many expressions have in Latin the construction of time when, where in English time is not the main idea: as,

1. In the fight at Cannæ, pugna Cannensi (or apud Cannas).

2. At the Roman games, ludis Romanis.

3. In all the wars of Gaul, omnibus Gallicis bellis.

b. In many expressions of time the accusative with ad, in, or sub, is used. Such are the following:

1. A thanksgiving was voted for the 1st of January, supplicatio decreta est in Kalendas Januarias.

2. They assembled at the [appointed] day, convenerunt ad diem.

3. Till evening,

Towards (about) evening.}

ad vesperum.

4. About the same time, sub idem tempus.

c. Time either during or within which may be expressed by a noun in the singular, with an ordinal numeral as,

1. Within (just) four days, quinto die.

2. He has reigned going on six years, regnat jam sextum annum. But also

3. He has already reigned for six years, regnavit jam sex

annos.

d. Distance of time before or after any thing is variously expressed: as,

1. Three years after, post (or before, ante) tres annos, post tertium annum, tres post annos, tertium post annum, tribus post annis, tertio post anno. 2. Three years after his banishment, tribus annis (tertio anno) post exsilium (post quam ejectus est).

3. Within the last three years, his tribus proximis annis. 4. A few years hence, paucis annis.

5. Three years ago, abhinc annos tres (tribus annis); ante hos tres annos.

6. It is three years since, triennium est cum (tres anni sunt cum).

e. The time of day is only counted by hours, beginning at sunrise (primā, secundā horā); the time of night by watches, (vigiliae), of which there were four from sunset to sunrise.

f. The names of the Months are adjectives, and agree either with mensis or with the parts into which the month was divided in the complicated Roman system, for which see Grammar, § 376.

g. The year is expressed by the names of the consuls in the Ablative Absolute. Modern dates may be expressed by the year after the birth of Christ (post Christum natum).

h. With names of places (except Towns, &c., see § 258), TO is expressed by in or ad with the accusative; IN by in or ab, with the ablative; FROM by ab, de, ex, with the ablative. But AT, meaning near (not in), is expressed with all names of place by ad or apud, with the accusative.

REMARK. Notice that, when several names of place follow a verb of motion, each must be under its own construction. Thus Within four days after this was done the matter was reported to Chrysogonus in Sulla's camp at Volaterræ, quadriduo quo haec gesta sunt res ad Chrysogonum in castra L. Sullae Volaterras defertur. Notice also that the meaning of the Latin verb must be considered in relations of place: as,

1. He arrived in Spain, pervenit in Hispaniam.

2. He arrived at Rome, pervenit Romam.

3. They assembled in the Senate-house, convenerunt in curiam.

4. He brought his army together in one place, coëgit exercitum in unum locum.

Exercise 16.

1. After the death of Lucretia, Brutus threw off his assumed stupidity, and placed himself at the head1 of her friends. They carried the body into the marketplace [of ] Collatia.2 There the people took up arms and renounced the Tarquins. A number-of1 young men attended the funeral-procession 5 to Rome. Brutus summoned the people [and] related the deed-ofshame. All classes were influenced with the same indignation. By order of the people Tarquin was deposed,10 and, along with his family, was banished from the city. Brutus now set out for the army at Ardea. Tarquin in the meantime had hastened to 1 Lit. "added himself as leader." 2 Accusative. 3 Relative. plures. 5 exsequiae funeris.

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6 convocato populo. • dolor et indignatio.

11 Accusative.

Rome, but found the gates closed against him. Brutus was received with joy at Ardea, and the army renounced [their] allegiance to the tyrant. Tarquin, with his two sons, Titus and Aruns, took refuge at Cære, in Etruria. Sextus fled to Gabii, where he was shortly after murdered by the friends of those whom he had put to death. Tarquin had reigned twenty-two years when he was driven from Rome. In memory of this event an annual festival was celebrated on the 24th of February, called the Regifugium. 2. Jugurtha was taken prisoner. The 2 great traitor fell by the treachery of his nearest relatives. Lucius Sulla brought the crafty and restless Numidian in chains, along with his children, to the Roman headquarters; and the war, which had lasted for seven years, was at an end. The glory of this victory was given to Marius. King Jugurtha, in royal robes and in chains, along with his two sons, preceded the triumphal chariot of the victor, when-he-entered 5 Rome two years afterwards, on January 1st, B. C. 104. By order of Marius, the son of the desert perished a few days afterwards in the subterranean city prison.

1. LEARN §§ 152, with a, b, c, comparing 260 (Use of Prepositions); also §§ 237. d, 239. b (compounds of circum and trans).

2. In general, the use of prepositions in Latin is the same as in English. They are always followed