2

II. Mantua, alas! too near unhappy Cremona.1 12. You have before your eyes Catiline, the most audacious of men. 13. Aurora opens the purple doors and the courts full of roses. 14. A boar is often held by a small dog. 15. The wall was common to both houses, and was cleft by a narrow chink. 16. Lepidus [was] defeated near the Mulvian bridge by Catulus [and] sailed with the remainder of his forces to Sardinia.

1. REVIEW §§ 186, 187; learn §§ 188, 189. a, b (adjectives used as nouns), with 190, 191, 193, 203. Under these heads occur many common phrases, in which the Latin usage must be carefully distinguished from the English: as,

I. I saw Scipio in his lifetime, Scipionem vivum vidi.

2. He came against his will, invitus venit.

3. Every thing was safe, omnia tuta erant.

4. All of us are here, omnes adsumus.

5. He was the first to see (he saw first), primus vidit.

6. On the top of a tree, in summa arbore.

7.

The inner part of the house, interior domus.

8. The rest of the crowd remained, reliqua multitudo manebat.

NOTE. The use of adjectives as nouns is most common in the masculine plural, just as in English the wise, the brave, &c. In the singular this use is rare, except with a few words which have become practically nouns, such as familiaris, an intimate friend; sapiens, a wise man; avarus, a miser, and with neuters as in 4. a. In other cases the noun is generally expressed; and almost always when a feminine or neuter would be used. Hence

2. When any ambiguity would arise from the use of the adjective alone, a noun must be added: as,

1. Boni, the good; omnia, every thing.

2. All [men] must die, omnibus moriendum est. But 3. A good man, vir bonus.

4. Power over every thing, potentia omnium rerum.

3. When any other case is used than the nominative or accusative, the noun is more commonly expressed, even when not required for distinctness.

4. An abstract notion is very often expressed in Latin by an adjective in the neuter plural: thus,

1. All men praise bravery, omnes fortia laudant.

2. The past at least is secure, praeterita saltem tuta sunt. 3. Choose the better part, elige meliora.

4. Fleeting good, bona caduca.

5. Pleasing ill, mala blanda.

5. Adjectives are often used in Latin where in English we use the possessive, or a noun and preposition: as,

1. The fight at Cannae, pugna Cannensis.

2. Caius Blossius of Cumae, C. Blossius Cumanus.

3. Another man's house, aliena domus.

NOTE.

- These adjectives most commonly represent the genitive, and will be treated in Lesson 15, b.

Exercise 4.

1

1. Duillius was-the-first1 of the Romans to 1 conquer in a naval battle; Curius Dentatus first led elephants in a triumph. 2. Right and wrong are by nature. opposed to-each-other. 3. After [his] exile Scipio passed the-rest-of his life at Liternum, a small town of Latium. 4. Demosthenes, the Athenian orator, being banished from his country on a false charge

3

8 Ob.

4

of having received money1 from Harpalus, was-inexile at Megara.2 He [was] afterwards recalled [and] returned [to] Athens in a ship sent for that [purpose]. 5. Octavia and Livia, the one the sister of Augustus, the other [his] wife, had lost [their] sons, the3 [famous] young Marcellus and Drusus Germanicus. 6. The aged senators who-had-been-consuls or censors1 sat in the Forum on [their] curule chairs, awaiting death. The Gauls found the city deserted; but marching on they came to the Forum, where they beheld the old men sitting immovable like beings 5 of 6 another 6 world." For some time they stood in-awe-at the strange sight, till one of the Gauls ventured to go up to Marcus Papirius and stroke his white beard. The old man smote him on the head with [his] ivory staff; then the barbarian slew him, and all the rest were massacred. 3 ille.

9

'Lit. "of money received." 2 Megarae or is.

forma ac natura. • de caelo delapsus. 8 admirans followed by acc. • Ablative.

1. REVIEW §§ 98 (the Personal and Reflexive Pronouns); and 99. a, b, c (Possessive adjectives), d, e. Observe that the pronouns have almost precisely the same syntax as nouns.

2. The Latin never uses the plural of the second person (vos) for the singular you; but often the plural of the first person (nos) for the singular I.

3. Of the double forms in the genitive plural, the form in um is partitive, while that in i is objective: thus, 1. The elder of us, major nostrum.

2. Mindful of us, memor nostri.

4. The Reflexive pronoun (se), with its corresponding Possessive (suus), is used in some part of the predicate, always referring to the subject of the sentence or clause (read the whole of 196).

NOTE.

and own.

- In such cases we generally (not always) use self, selves, These accordingly are not necessary in Latin,—except when they are emphatic, — being expressed by the reflexive or the personal pronoun (me, te, &c.) :—

1. Virtue knows itself, Virtus se novit.

2. Brutus slew his friend, Brutus amicum [suum] occidit (his own friend, suum amicum).

3. Philosophy has much pleasure in it, Philosophia multum habet in se delectationis.

5. The Possessives (like other adjectives) take the gender, number, and case of the noun they are used with, not of the one they refer to. They are regularly omitted when they are plainly implied (see § 197).

Exercise 5.

1. Bulls defend themselves by [their] horns, boars by their tusks,1 [and] lions by their teeth and claws. 2. Horatius slew his sister with his own hand. 3. "Young man," said Sulla, "you have strengthened your rival against yourself.' 4. "Varus, Varus," cried Augustus, "give me 2 back my legions." 5. Crassus, indeed, has defeated the enemy; but I have exterminated them root-and-branch. 6. "Who art thou," said Brutus," and for what purpose art-thou-come?" 3 "I am thy evil genius, Brutus," replied the spectre ; "thou shalt see me to-morrow at Philippi." 7. Cicero was accustomed to write down his orations. 8. Few men know their own faults and vices. 9. How long a letter I have written to you with my own hand!

1 ictus dentium. 2 'Dative. 3 Perfect active.

A Furia.

10. Ancus Martius instituted the college of Heralds; he also founded a colony at Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, and built a fortress on the Janiculum. 11. Very agreeable to me is your remembrance of me (plur.).

1. REVIEW § 100, and learn carefully the sub-sections 102. a to e (use of the Demonstratives).

NOTE. These Demonstratives are used much like the corresponding words in English, this, that, &c. Observe, however, that though they run into one another in meaning, yet regularly hic, ille, iste, are true demonstratives, and actually point to something: while is (the pronoun of reference) only refers without pointing out. Thus a, a man, the man, one (who), &c., are often rendered by is with qui following.

2. The Possessives his, hers, its, theirs, are expressed by the genitive of a demonstrative, and have no difference of gender in the singular.

3. When the word that is used instead of repeating a word before expressed, it is regularly omitted in Latin. But when a distinct object is referred to, it may be expressed by ille, hic, or even is; or the noun itself may be repeated. Thus,

I. I prefer the art of memory to that of forgetfulness, memoriae artem quam oblivionis malo.

2. Virtue seeks no other reward except this [of which I have just spoken] of glory, nullam virtus aliam mercedem desiderat praeter hanc laudis. —Cıc. Arch. 11.

NOTE. In such cases, the Latin often prefers some possessive adjective or other construction (see hereafter, Lesson 15): as, The army of Cæsar defeated that of Pompey at Pharsalus, Caesaris exercitus Pompeianos ad Pharsalum vicit.