Human Walking

abductor muscles adult male subjects alignment amputee angle angular ankle joint average axis biceps brachii body segments body weight cal/min/kg Cavagna center of mass changes Chapter clockwise coronal plane counterclockwise curve Cycle 100 Figure decrease displacement distal dorsiflexion effect energy expenditure energy level equation extension femur flex flexor floor reaction foot forces acting forefoot gait heel contact heel strike hip joint horizontal human walking immobilization increase Inman ischial tuberosity knee flexion knee joint lateral length-tension lever arm lower limb m/min maximal measurements medial metabolic midstance motion newton-meters occurs pattern pelvic rotation pelvis Percent of Cycle phasic action plane plantar flexion position prosthesis push-off quadriceps Ralston result shank shortening socket speed of walking stability stance phase step rate steps/min stride length studies stump subtalar subtalar joint swing phase tension tion toe-off transverse rotations trunk values velocity vertical walking cycle walking speed walking surface weight-bearing