Senate. legitumos dies: one trinundinum, or seventeen days before the day of election, persons intending to stand for the consulship were bound to declare their purpose to the consul who had charge of the election. — profiteri: i.e. profiteri petere se consulatum, the technical form of this declaration.

5. Kal. Ianuariis: Jan. 1, 65 B.C. Since 153 B.C. the consuls were inaugurated on the 1st of January by a solemn procession to the Capitol.-duas Hispanias: to wit, Hispania citerior, afterwards Tarraconensis, wnich included the east coast and interior; and H. ulterior, afterwards Lusitania and Baetica, which embraced the south of Spain and Portugal. — ipsi fascibus correptis: that is to say, parabant ipsi fasces corripere et fascibus correptis Pisonem

mittere. In other words, ipsi, the logical subject of the verb in the abl. abs., is retained in the nominative, a construction of ipse and quisque which occurs repeatedly.

6. ea re cognita: this plot being known to the people of Rome, the conspirators had &c. Remark that whilst regularly the logical subject of the abl. abs. (here, the people of Rome) is the same as that of the principal clause (here, the conspirators), this is not the case in the present instance. - transtulerant : Sallust uses the pluperfect, because he had already in mind the statement which follows.

8. maturasset . . . dare, had given the signal too soon. Suetonius ascribes the failure of the plot to Crassus' non-appearance, which led Caesar not to give the signal. But the story is probably an invention of Caesar's enemies. - curia: the Curia Hostilia, just north of the Forum is meant. -patratum: an archaic word not found in Caesar and rarely in Cicero. Livy uses it freely. frequentes: is a predicate adjective.

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XIX. 1. quaestor pro praetore: though only a quaestor, he was sent to Spain by the Senate with the powers of praetor; that is to say, as governor.

2. tamen notwithstanding Piso's antecedents and his enmity to the Senate, yet the Senate, &c; cf. XVIII. 4-7. — boni, as the name of a political party in Rome designates the conservatives. — et iam tum . . . erat: unfolds the meaning of boni . . . putabant.

5. clientis: it would appear from this that Pompey had maintained close relations with some Spanish chiefs since the close of the Sertorian War, which Pompey finished in 72 B.C. Observe that

the words Cnaei Pompei veteres fidosque clientis happen to make a dactylic hexameter. —praeterea, either before or after. L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, however, had been murdered there by a wild Spanish tribe at the time of the Cimbric War (101 B.C.).

6. Nos... relinquemus: statements like this impress the reader with Sallust's caution as a historian; compare the end of XXII.

XX. 1. paulo ante, a little while ago. He refers to XVII. -in rem fore, to be advantageous. The phrase looks colloquial. -univorsos: is in antithesis to cum singulis, as omnes is to divorsi in XX. 5.

2. ni: colloquial for nisi. See on VII. 7. - spectata: neuter, though both subjects are feminine; the regular usage in Sallust. - mihi: A. & G. 232, a; G. 352; H. 388, 1. This dative is not found in Caesar. nequiquam oportuna cecidisset, affairs would in vain have taken a favorable turn. — oportuna: is a predicate adjective when it is used with cado, accido, evenio, &c. in manibus: qualifies dominatio as its epithet; the supremacy which is in your hands, would have been, &c. The use of a preposition with its object as an attribute is uncommon in Cicero and Caesar; cum and sine are most frequently used So. - frustra fuissent: esse with a predicate adverb is mostly colloquial.—per ignaviam: i.e. per homines ignaros: the abstract for the concrete; ignaviam points back to virtus in the antecedent clause, as vana ingenia points back to fides. — incerta pro certis: the same expression is found XVII. 6.

3. quia .. eo: the eo simply repeats the clause with quia; but Sallust is fond of conversational turns, and in conversation repetitions of this kind are common. - tempestatibus: as Cicero uses the plural of tempus in the sense of crisis, so Sallust uses the plural of tempestas. — animus: I; see on III. 4. — fortis fidosque : an alliterative combination found in all periods of Roman literature. 4. ea demum: see on XII. 5. Why is ea feminine?

5. divorsi: separately.

6. Ceterum, as for the rest.

This is the original meaning of

the word. Cicero and Caesar do not use it as an adversative con

junction. — animus: to be translated as in § 3. observe the strong emphasis.

nosmet ipsi:

7. paucorum potentium: characterizes the men in power as oligarchs. — ius atque dicionem, the legal control: hendiadys. - tetrarchae: the ruler of a fourth part of a country, a title often found in the East, where the Romans, to destroy the feeling of nationality in a people, sometimes divided a country among four princes. This was the case in Galatia and Thessaly, for instance. What is the difference between populi and nationes? See on II. 2. - strenui, boni: are to be translated as concessive clauses. nobiles atque ignobiles: are in partitive apposition to ceteri. The nobiles were those whose ancestors had held one of the three highest offices (consul, praetor, curule aedile), whether of patrician or plebeian extraction. — volgus: often denotes the politically powerless rabble.

8. ubi: i.e. apud eos, apud quos; see on II. 3. —repulsas, defeats at an election: it is in antithesis to honos, as divitiae is to egestas, gratia to pericula, and potentia to iudicia.

9. per virtutem, manfully, like men.—ubi: i.e. in qua; fueris is the ideal second person. The clause is a relative clause of characteristic; hence the subjunctive. A. & G. 320; G. 633; H. 503, 1. Catiline calls their life misera on account of its pericula and egestas, inhonesta on account of its iudicia and repulsas.

10. pro is an interjection. —deum: old form of the gen. plural, not a contraction of deorum. Ancient forms are longest retained in religious and legal formulas. —fidem: this accusative depends on some verb like testor, understood. — in manu nobis est, is in our grasp. illis: dative of reference. A. & G. 235, a; G. 343, 2; H. 384, 4, N. 3. divitiis: not only their age, but their wealth also is the cause of their weakness. — cetera is the object of expediet. -res, the course of events.

11. superare: i.e. superesse, in which sense Cicero uses the word repeatedly hence the dative illis. Aulus Gellius, a Latin writer (125-175 A.D.), draws attention to Sallust's using superare in this sense. - profundant: subjunctive of purpose. — in exstruendo mari: exstruere mare means to cover the sea with buildings as exstruere mensam means to cover the table with dishes; see on XIII. 1.- nobis deesse, whilst we are in want. -lar familiaris : the lar familiaris was the deified spirit of the founder of the family, and was worshipped on the family altar, i.e. the hearth; hence lar f. is sometimes put for hearth, home,

12. toreumata, vases worked in relief: a Greek word for the Latin rasa caelata. As we sometimes use the French words for delicacies imported from France, so the Romans used the Greek terms. — postremo, lastly, in short; it is often used like prorsus to introduce the last of a series. — trahunt, waste; for the more usual compound distrahunt. summa lubidine, in spite of the greatest dissipation. — divitias suas vincere, to get the better of their wealth. Remark that traho, vexo, vinco are all metaphors taken from war.

13. mala res, slim resources. — - spes, outlook. The two words are often used in antithesis to each other, partly because they rhyme.

14. quin . . . expergiscimini: a question, which is in reality an exhortation; visne is often similarly used to express desire. — decus, honor.-in oculis sita sunt, are in sight.

16. milite, a private soldier, as appears from its antithesis to imperatore. - neque animus . aberit, I shall be with you, soul and body. neque aberit: litotes.

17. consul: Catiline expected to be consul in 63 B.C.—me animus fallit, I am mistaken. — servire, to be slaves. — imperare, to be masters.

XXI. 1. abunde: like frustra in XX. 2, is a predicate adverb. quieta... videbatur: they looked upon civil commotions as good sport, apart from the gains they might bring them. - condicio belli is explained in detail by the two clauses that follow. — quae praemia, &c., what were the advantages, &c.; by translating so we may reproduce in English the emphasis placed on praemia. -opis et spei res et spes in the first part of the sentence. ubique, in the several parts of the republic. In meaning ubique corresponds to quisque, and like the latter it is often connected with interrogative and relative pronouns.

2. tabulas novas: the Romans mostly kept their accounts on wax tablets; when an account was settled, the tablet was renewed: hence tabulas novas means a settlement of their debts; Catiline meant to pass a law like the Lex Valeria of 86 B.C., remitting a certain proportion of all debts. - proscriptionem: this word, properly speaking, means a bill announcing the sale of property; during Sulla's first civil war it took the meaning of a list of persons con

demned to death, whose property was confiscated. the latter meaning.—fert, bring with them.

Catiline uses it in

3. This paragraph gives the answer to the question quid ubique haberent. - Pisonem: see XIX. The acc. c. inf. depends on the verb of saying implied in polliceri.-P. Sittium: he was a large speculator, born at Nuceria in Campania. Forced to leave Italy on account of financial complications, he had gathered bands of soldiers both in Morocco and Spain. Cicero in his speech for P. Sulla declared that Sittius was not connected with Catiline's conspiracy. He fought on Caesar's side during the civil war in Africa, where Sallust also fought and rendered important services to Caesar.-C. Antonius Hybrida: was a younger son of the great orator, M. Antonius, and a brother of M. Antonius Creticus, the father of Mark Antony, the triumvir. He had been expelled from the Senate, 70 B.C., for plundering the provincials, but was soon restored. He was Cicero's colleague in the praetorship in 66 B.C. C. Antonius was a friend of Catiline and shared his views, but lacked both brains and pluck.

4. nominans: Caesar uses nominatim to express the same idea. - cupiditatis, passions. suae, does not, as required by rule, refer to the subject of the clause. — pericula: a reference to XIV 3. shows that by periculum iudicium is meant, by ignominia the consequences of a conviction.- quibus ea praedae fuerat, to whom that victory had brought booty.

5. videt: the historical present after postquam, especially with verbs of perceiving, is characteristic of Sallust.

curae: a final

dative. Cicero often uses curae esse, but not curae habere.

XXII. 1. popularis, partners, accomplices. In this sense popularis seems to have been a colloquial word; in the latter part of the Bellum Catilinae and in the Jugurtha Sallust prefers the classical terms socii, conscii.

2. inde: i.e. ex pateris; see note on ibique, V. 2.-post exsecrationem; that is to say, after an imprecation on themselves, if they should betray the conspiracy.—consuevit, is customary: the verb is used impersonally here; a rare usage. ·quo ut eo, as in LVIII. 3. The horror consisted in carrying around and drinking human blood.. alius. . . conscii, because they would be, &c. to avoid the repetition of inter se, S. uses the reciprocal alius alii.