may be" is really a mood of the verb "to be." This mood is equivalent to the Latin subjunctive; the sentence is in Latin, Legit ut sit sapiens. § 4. The pupil must pay very great attention to the double function which the English Infinitive mood performs. In the first place, it simply names the condition or action indicated by the verb, and is in reality a substantive. Thus in the sentence "To die for one's country is glorious," "To die" is a substantive forming the subject of the sentence, and its place might be supplied by another word which is never anything but a substantive, as the same sense might be expressed thus-“ A death for one's country is glorious." The infinitive in Latin is used, as we have seen, in the same way, and we might translate the sentence, Mori pro patria præclarum est, or Mors pro patria præclara est. In the second place, the English infinitive is often employed to express the purpose for which an action is performed, as "Curtius has come to die for his country." same sense cannot be conveyed by putting a substantive in place of "to die.” Now, in Latin prose, purpose is expressed not by the infinitive but by the subjunctive mood usually introduced by the conjunction ut. It would be bad Latin therefore to say Curtius venit mori; we must say, Curtius venit ut pro patria moriatur. The Supine and the Gerund or Gerundive participle are also used in Latin to denote purpose. (Vid. Part I., Ex. 35 and 36.) Thus the English Infinitive is equivalent sometimes to the Infinitive, sometimes to the Subjunctive, the Supine, or the Gerundive of the Latin verb. THE SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSE WITH UT, DENOTINg Purpose. The § 5. From the previous remarks, we see that a purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, or the potential mood, or by such phrases as "with the intention, view, purpose, etc. of," and that there are several ways of translating these into Latin. Leaving the other methods out of consideration at present, we may confine ourselves to one. The clause expressing purpose, if an affirmative one, is to be translated by a clause introduced by ut, and having its verb in the subjunctive. What tense the Latin verb should be in, depends upon the verb in the leading clause of the sentence. The following rule applies to all subordinate clauses having their verb in the subjunctive. If the leading clause has its verb in the present tense, the future or the perfect with "have," then the verb of the subordinate clause, if it refers to the present time, will be in the present tense; if it refers to past time, it will be in the perfect tense. But if the leading clause has its verb in the imperfect, the perfect without "have" (the past of the English verb), or the pluperfect, then the verb of the subordinate clause, if it refers to the same time as the leading verb, will be in the imperfect, if to an earlier time, in the pluperfect tense. He goes, will go, or has gone, to conquer the Gauls, It, iit, ibit, ut Gallos vincat. He was going, went, or had gone, to conquer the Gauls, Ibat, iit or ierat ut Gallos vinceret. L 1. Sestius immediately set out for Massilia, that he might be able to see and console his father-in-law. 2. I will endeavour to overtake you immediately. 3. Regulus emancipated his son that he might be heir to his mother. 4. I set out on the tenth of May with the intention of staying that day with Pontius at his estate near Trebula. 5. I sent a letter to you daily, that though at a distance, I might converse with you. 6. The cavalry skilfully divide themselves into two portions, some to form a guard for the booty, others to resist the enemy approaching. 7. Those who injure some, in order to be liberal to others, are guilty of the same injustice, as if they turned other people's property to their own use. 8. Afranius betook himself to the camp, prepared to meet with quiet and unruffled temper whatever fortune should happen. 9. Wars must be undertaken for this reason, that men may live in peace without suffering wrong. 10. Scipio returned to the camp to give the soldiers some explanation of his design. 11. I ordered L. Catiline to leave the city that we might be protected by the walls from him, from whom we could not be protected by the laws. 12. I used my exertions that my conquered fellow citizens might be spared, as much as for my own safety. 13. I hastened into Cilicia with this purpose, that the Parthians should think themselves shut out from Cappadocia. 14. Dictatorships and consulships must be utterly abolished, that the Roman plebs may be able to raise its head. 15. To say nothing of Greece, which always wished to be foremost in eloquence, or of Athens, the great inventress of all branches of learning, assuredly in this state itself no studies have ever flourished more vigourously than those of eloquence. 2 6. NOTES (the numbers refer to the sentences in the exercise). 3. "To his mother" is the genitive case. 4. For the Roman method of naming the days of the month, see the Roman Antiquities of Ramsay, or Adam. 5. "Though at a distance," absens. 7. Make turned" present subjunctive. 8. As the object of "to meet," insert the proper case of hic which forms the antecedent to "whatever fortune." 9." Men may live,"-Intransitive verbs are often used impersonally in the passive voice to denote that the condition indicated by the verb exists, without attributing it to any particular subject, e. g., men (i. e., any or all men) live, vivitur. 11. The relative clause in Latin is often placed before the clause containing the antecedent, e. g., Quæ mihi signa misisti, ea nondum vidi; and generally, as in this example, the antecedent (signa) is transferred from its own to the relative clause. Adopt a similar arrangement in the exercise. 12. “Might be spared,"-Remember that verbs which do not govern the accusative in the active voice can only be used impersonally in the passive. See Part I., Ex. 18. 15. "To say nothing," i. e., "That I should say nothing." "In eloquence" is the genitive case. THE SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSE WITH NE, EXPRESSING NEGATIVE PURPOSE. § 7. If the purpose to be expressed is a negative one, as in the sentence, "The soldier fled that he might not be taken prisoner," the pupil must guard against translating the English "not" by the Latin non. Ne is the proper word to be used, and it must be observed that ne combines the signification of the two English words "that, not," so that the Latin conjunction ut may be omitted. "Ut ne is a pleonasm, not differing perceptibly from ne, except that it chiefly occurs in solemn discourse, and hence especially in laws. It must, however, be observed that ut ne is very frequently used by Cicero, but rarely by other and later writers."-Zumpt. Further, as ne combines the force of "that" with a negative, we must remember to translate such negative adjectives or adverbs as may accompany the conjunction "that" by affirmative words in Latin, otherwise the Latin sentence would contain a double negative. Thus, "they fled that no one might take them," must not be rendered Fugerunt ne nemo, but fugerunt ne quis caperet. II. 1. Wealthy states were in the habit of giving large sums of money in order not to receive Roman soldiers into winter quarters. 2. Come, then, I pray you, that the seeds of refinement may not perish along with the republic. 3. Let the consuls take care that the state suffer no injury. 4. The tribunes of the soldiers and the prefects of the allies were ordered to watch the gates, that no one should leave the city by night. 5. Or ought I not to have complained of the fall of the republic, that I might not seem ungrateful to you? 6. Hannibal, supposing the enemy to be struck with great terror by the death of one consul, and the wound of the other, not to lose any opportunity, immediately moved his camp to the hillock on which the engagement had taken place; there he found the body of Marcellus and buried it. 7. Not to lose any opportunity of accomplishing his purpose, Cæsar orders the ladders to be got ready and the soldiers to be armed. 8. Not to mention other peoples, Carthage is free in the enjoyment of its own laws. 9. It is provided that they shall not be injured, and that no one shall be compelled by Cæsar to take the military oath against his will. 10. What excuse, that is honourable to speak of, is brought forward to cover this female sedition? That we may shine in gold and purple, say they, and that no bound may be set to our expenses or our luxury. 11. When this news arrived at Rome, many men set out from Italy to Cn. Pompey; some that they might seem to have been the first to carry such intelligence, others that they might not seem to have waited for the issue of the war, or to have been the very last to arrive. 12. Could I have made sure that Thracian robbers should nowhere lurk in hiding places known to themselves? 13. At both periods I conducted myself in such a way that I should not be a disgrace to you, to your kingdom, or to the nation of the Macedonians. 14. I will take care of this also, that Cratippus be along with your son, that you may not think that he will enjoy holidays in Asia from those studies to which he is urged by your exhortation. 15. To say no more, I love Pomponius Atticus like a brother. 16. We did not establish ourselves on the Rhine to protect Italy, but to prevent another Ariovistus from obtaining the sovereign power over Gaul 88. NOTES. 1. The imperfect is used to denote what was customary or habitual in past time, e. g., Socrates dicebat, Socrates was in the habit of saying, or used to say. 2. Seeds may be rendered by the singular. 3. "No injury" is, in Latin, “nothing of injury." 5. "Ought to have complained," for the tenses to be used, see Part I., Ex. 20-so "could have made sure," in sent. 12. 6. "Supposing"-the "supposing" was previous to the moving of the camp; in such a construction the English present participle must be translated either by the perfect participle of a deponent verb, as in this sentence, or by quum and the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive. "Found. . and buried:" when two verbs connected by "and," as in this instance, have the same object, the best way to translate them is to turn the first into the perfect participle passive agreeing with the object, and omit the conjunction, e.g., Urbem captam incenderunt, is equivalent to the English, "They took the city and burned it." In the original of this sentence the verbs "moved" and "buried" are in the present tense, which is used in all languages, and very frequently in Latin, to bring a past event more vividly before the mind of the reader. As the present is then used instead of the past, the subordinate clauses often regulate their tenses, just as if the leading verb were really in the past tense. 8. "Not to mention," i.e., that I may not mention. 9. "Shall be injured," etc., is present tense. 10. Omit "that is." 11. "When . . . arrived" is ablative absolute. "I am the first to do," or "the first who do," primus, or princeps facio. "I am the last to come," novissimus venio. 15. "To say no more," i. e., "That I may not say more," but "say " may be omitted. 16. Say "that no other Ariovistus should obtain," omitting "prevent." "Over Gaul" is the genitive. Make "Gaul" plural. III. 1. Sestius endeavoured to see and console his father-in-law. 2. Cæsar spared his fellow-citizens that he might not seem to resemble Sulla. 3. You were the first to carry this news to Pompey. 4. Caius and you immediately set out for Dyrrhachium to be the first to carry such intelligence to Pompey. 5. Scipio gives the soldiers some explanation of his plan, that |