idem facit hostium exercitus. Postquam eo ventum 2 est, unde a ferentariis proelium committi posset, maxumo clamore cum infestis signis concurrunt: pila omittunt, gladiis res geritur. Veterani, pristinae virtutis 3 memores, comminus acriter instare, illi haud timidi resistunt: maxuma vi certatur Interea Catilina cum 4 expeditis in prima acie vorsari, laborantibus succurrere, integros pro sauciis arcessere, omnia providere, multum ipse pugnare, saepe hostem ferire: strenui militis et boni imperatoris officia simul exsequebatur. Petreius ubi videt Catilinam, contra ratus erat, 5 magna vi tendere, cohortem praetoriam in medios høstis inducit eosque perturbatos atque alios alibi resistentis interficit, deinde utrimque ex lateribus ceteros adgreditur. Manlius et Faesulanus in primis pu- 6 gnantes cadunt. Catilina postquam fusas copias seque 7 cum paucis relictum videt, memor gemeris atque pristinae suae dignitatis, in confertis sumos hostis incurrit ibique pugnans confoditur.

LXI. Sed confecto proelio tum vero cerneres, quanta audacia quantaque animi vis fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. Nam fere quem quisque vivos pugnando locum 2 ceperat, eum amissa anima corpore tegebat. Pauci 3 autem, quos medios cohors praetoria disiecerat, paulo divorsius, sed omnes tamen advorsis volneribus conciderant. Catilina vero longe a suis inter hostium cada- 4 hel vera repertus est, paululum etiam spirans refociamque animi, quam habuerat vivos, in voltu retinens. stremo ex omni copia neque in proelio neque in fuga

any

Po- 5

quisquam civis ingenuus captus est: ita cuncti suae 6 hostiumque vitae iuxta pepercerant. Neque tamen 7 exercitus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victo

48

GAI SALLUSTI CRISPI BELLUM CATILINAE.

riam adeptus erat: nam strenuissumus quisque aut occiderat in proelio, aut graviter volneratus discesserat. 8 Multi autem, qui e castris visundi aut spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia cadavera amicum alii, pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; fuere item 9 qui inimicos suos cognoscerent. Ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, maeror, luctus atque gaudia agitabantur.

NOTES.

an

I. 1. Omnis: acc. plur. In Sallust and his contemporaries all i stems, i.e. all substantives and adjectives of the 3d declension with the gen. plur. in -ium, have the acc. plur. in -is. - homines: is the subject of niti, whilst the clause omnis homines summa ope niti is the subject of decet. sese: Sallust uses the acc. c. inf. after studeo, even when the subject is the same as that of studeo,archaic and colloquial construction seldom found in Cicero. - silentio: i.e. without doing anything worthy of being spoken of: ablative of accompaniment. —vitam transeant: implies a life of idleness; vitam agere, an active life. For the mood see A. & G. 331, e, 1; G. 546; H. 498, II.

2. nostra: expressed, because emphatic, being in antithesis to pecora. —vis, activity. — animi imperio utimur, the mind we use chiefly to rule us, the body to serve us. - alterum: refers to animus. Sallust often uses neuter pronouns to refer to masculine or feminine substantives.

3. ingeni: Sallust, like all pre-Augustan writers, formed the gen. sing. of substantives ending in -ius and -ium in -i, not in -ii. — virium, bodily force; note how the meaning of this word is changed as compared with vis in I. 2. — opibus, resources. nostri: A. & G. 194, b; G. 362; H. 446, N. 3. quam maxime: A. & G. 93, b; G. 317; H. 170, 2, (2). efficere: like facere, is often used with two accusatives; e.g. fortuna eos efficit caecos (Cic. Lael. XV. 54).

4. forma, beauty. virtus

habetur, mental excellence is a glorious and lasting possession. As generally in Sallust, habeo is here used in its primitive meaning, to have, to possess.

5. mortalis: is freely used by Sallust instead of homines. Cicero uses mortales only when accompanied by omnes, cuncti, or multi. vine . . . an: instead of -ne

alone in double questions.

an Sallust sometimes used an

6. priusquam: with a verb is often best translated by before and a participle in -ing, as here, before beginning. —incipias, consulueris: the second person sing. is used indefinitely. A. & G. 309, a ; G. 267; H. 518, 2. - consulto, facto: A. & G. 292, b; G. 390; H. 414, N. 3. Sallust always uses this construction when what is necessary is expressed by a verb. In English the verb depending on opus est is put in the infinitive. -consulto: refers to animi in the preceding sentence; facto, to corporis: the position is therefore inverted or chiastic. A. & G. 344, f; G. 684; H. 562.

7. utrumque: i.e. vis corporis and virtus animi; for the neuter gender, see note on alterum, I. 2. — per se indigens, incomplete in itself. alterum: is in distributive opposition to utrumque; "each of the two," &c.

-nam:

-

II. 1. Igitur: contrary to the usage of Cicero and Caesar, Sallust always places igitur first in the declarative sentence. introduces the reason why Sallust has used the word reges. Translate: I say kings, for, &c. - imperi, government; in Homer and the Greek historians, as well as in Roman history, the earliest rulers are called kings. Sallust makes the statement general. · divorsi, in various ways. - pars . . . alii: used as correlatives instead of alii. . . alii, are in distributive apposition with reges. When Sallust says pars . . . exercebant, he probably thought of the kings in the Homeric poems. etiam tum: Homer's kings do not fight for conquests, but for honor and fame. — vita agitabatur: colloquial Latin for vita agebatur. Sallust often uses the colloquial frequentatives instead of their more classical primitives. -placebant: placeo often means to be satisfied with.

2. Cyrus, king of Persia (B.c. 559), was the first great conqueror, whose exploits are set forth at length in the Greek historians. Lacedaemonii et Athenienses: the Spartans began their conquests about B.C. 724, when they conquered the Messenians; Athens began its conquests after the Persian Wars (B.C. 490-479). urbis, independent cities, like those of Greece; nationes, when opposed to urbs or populus, means uncivilized tribes; urbis subigere, refers to the Lacedaemonians and Athenians; nationes subigere, to Cyrus: the arrangement is therefore chiastic. habere, made, not considered.― putare: with in and the abl. generally means to see, to find. plurumum posse, accom

plishes most. periculo atque negotiis: by perilous undertakings; hendiadys.

3. regum atque imperatorum: of kings and other heads of government: imperator is he who has the imperium, controls the government, whatever his title; the word is therefore more general than rex. aliud alio ferri, power pass from one to the other. As Sallust often uses ubi, ibi, unde of persons, so here alio is used for ad alium. — mutari ac misceri: are used of political changes and disorders. Mark the alliteration which Sallust favors in such couplets. cerneres: is the ideal second person sing.

4. artibus, qualities; viz. labor, continentia, aequitas.

.

5. ubi . invasere, when sloth has taken the place of industry. - fortuna: i.e. regum et imperatorum.

6. transfertur, passes; the Latin passive is sometimes best translated by an intransitive verb in English.

7. Sallust now extends to the occupations of private life what he has just said of public functions. In his day wealthy Romans carried on agriculture, foreign trade, and building on a grand scale; hence these are taken as examples. quae homines arant, &c. : short for quae homines agunt, cum arant, &c. ; translate, men's undertakings in the line of agriculture, maritime enterprise, and building, all depend on moral and mental excellences.

8. indocti: has reference to culture of the mind; inculti, to culture of the heart; untaught in mind and heart. - sicuti peregrinantes: travellers generally pass through foreign countries without taking a deep, intelligent interest in them; so the sensualist passes through life without understanding its real significance. voluptati . . . oneri: final datives, a construction which Sallust uses oftener proportionally than any other writer. A. & G. 233; G. 350; H. 390.- contra naturam, contrary to nature's intention.-anima: to the sensualist, Sallust gives an anima (principle of animal life) only, while before he had said that man consists of animus (soul) and corpus. - iuxta aestumo, I consider of equal importance. Sallust is the only writer that joins iuxta with aestumo; Caesar, however, says gravius aestumare (B. G. VII. 14) and levius aestumare (B. C. III. 26). — siletur: is used impersonally; why? 9. Verum enim vero, doubtless however: a formula of transition found often in the historians, but rare in Cicero. -intentus is a