with oblitus, from obliviscor), perlino, besmear. There is also a regular verb of the fourth conjugation of the same meaning, from which the compounds allinio, circumlinio, illinio, ard others used by later writers, are derived.

Sino, sivi, situm, allow. In the perfect subjunctive we find sirim, siris, sirit, along with siverit. (Sītus, situated, is perhaps derived from this verb.)

Desino, desivi and desii (at least, desit for desiit in Martial, see ◊ 160, note, for desierunt is no proof), desitum, cease. Desitus est is also used as a perfect with the infin. passive, like coeptus est. (See § 221.)

Sperno, sprevi, spretum, despise.

Sterno, strāvi, stratum, stretch out on the ground.

Consterno, insterno, spread out (but consterno, as, frighten); prosterno, throw down; substerno, spread under.

Sēro, in the sense of sowing, has sēvi, sătum; in that of arranging and connecting together it is said to have serui, sertum, but these forms of the simple verb do not occur, though serta, garlands, is derived from sertum.

The compounds are variously conjugated according to their meaning. Consero and insero make -ui, -ertum, in the sense of joining; -evi, -itum, in the sense of sowing. The following compounds are used only in the sense of joining: Desero, dissero, exsero, and accordingly make only serui, sertum. That the verbs sero, sevi, and sero, serui, are really the same, is proved by the interchange of inserere and conserere in good authors, of which any dictionary may furnish examples.

Tēro, trīvi, tritum, rub.

Contero, rub to pieces; attĕro, rub away, injure (perfect also atteru). extero, remove by rubbing.

[§ 201.] (d) Other Irregularities.

Vello, velli, and vulsi (but more frequently velli), vulsum, pluck out.

The compounds convello, revello, and divello have only velli in the per fect; but avello and evello have also avulsi and evulsi.

Psallo, psalli, psallere, play on a stringed instrument.
Emo, emi, emptum, buy.

Coěmo, collect by purchase; redimo, purchase back. The significa. tion "take" appears in the compounds adimo, take away; dirimo, divide; eximo, take out; interimo, take away, kill; perimo, destroy.

Prěmo, pressi, pressum, press.

Comprimo, press together; deprimo, opprimo, supprimo, press down; exprimo, press out.

Gero, gessi, gestum, carry, transact.

Congero, bring together; digero, arrange; ingero, introduce.

Uro, ussi, ustum, burn.

Aduro, kindle; combūro, consume by fire; inuro, burn in, brand; extra, burn out.

Verro, verri, versum, sweep out.

Quaero, quaesivi, quaesitum, seek.

P

Another pronunciation of the same word is quaeso. (See § 221.) Ap quiro, acquire; conquiro, collect; anquiro, exquiro, inquiro, perquiro, examine; requiro, miss, require.

(Furo), furere, rage (without perfect or supine); insanivi is used as a perfect instead. Even the first person present is not found, though furis and furit are com

mon.

Fero, tuli, latum, ferre, is irregular in several points. See below, § 213.

CHAPTER LI.

66

[§ 202.] 6. VERBS IN SO AND XO.

Depso, depsui, depsitum, and depstum, knead.

Pinso, pinsui and pinsi, pinsitum and pistum (also pinsum), pound, grind.

Viso, visi, visĕre, visit. The supine visum belongs to videre, from which visere itself is derived.

Texo, texui, textum, weave.

Compounds frequently with a figurative signification: altero, add; contexo, put together; obtexo, cover; pertexo, carry out; praetexo, add a hem; retexo, to undo that which is woven, destroy.

After the Analogy of the Fourth Conjugation :

Arcesso, or accerso, -īvi, -ītum, summon.

Both modes of writing this word are found in good MSS. and e ti tions; compare Schneider's Elementarlehre, p. 257, foll., and the quotations in Kritz on Sallust, Catil., 40. The infinitive passive arcessiri oc curs sometimes, as in Caes., Bell. Gall., v., 11, Oudendorp. Capesso, undertake.

Facesso, give trouble, especially with negotium and periculum, also equivalent to proficiscor, get off (facesseris, in Cic., Div., in Q. Caec., 14).

Incesso, attack; no supine. Perfect, incessivi: incessi is doubtful (Tac., Hist., iii., 77), unless we refer to this root, and not to incedo, the frequently occurring phrase, cura, desperatio, &c., incessit animos.

Lacesso, provoke.

[§ 203.] 7. Verbs in sco, either not Inchoatives,* or * which the Simple is no longer found.

Cresco, crēvi, crētum, grow.

* [On an accurate examination of their meaning, however, such verbe as cresco, nosco, &c., will be found to be actual inchoatives, and might as well have been arranged under the succeeding chapter.]—Am. Ed.

So, also, con-, de-, excresco, and without a supine, accresco, incresc grow up, and succresco, grow up gradually.

Nosco, novi, notum, become acquainted with. The ori ginal form is gnosco (Greek yiyvwokw), and the g reap pears in the compounds, if possible.

The perfect novi takes the signification of the present, "I know (221); the supine is mentioned only on account of the compounds for the participle notus has become an adjective, and the participle fu ture does not occur. The comp. agnosco, recognise, cognosco (perf. cog novi, I know), and recognosco, recognise, have, in the supine, agnitum cognitum, recognitum; ignosco, pardon, has ignotum; dignosco and inter nosco have no supine.

Pasco, pavi, pastum, feed.

Depasco, feed down. The deponent pascor, feed or eat.

Quiesco, quievi, quietum, rest.

Acquiesco, repose with satisfaction; conquiesco, requiesco, rest. Suesco, suevi, suetum, mostly intransitive, grow accuston. ed, or, more rarely, accustom another. But suetus sig nifies 66 accustomed.'

So, also, assuesco, consuesco, insuesco, generally accustom one's self desuesco, disaccustom one's self. Some passages where they occur ir a transitive sense (in which otherwise the compounds with facio are used, see § 183) are referred to by Bentley on Horace, Serm., i., 4, 105 Compesco, compescui (no supine), restrain. Dispesco, dispescui (no supine), divide.

Disco, didici (no supine: disciturus in Appuleius), learn Addisco, addidici, learn in addition; dedisco, unlearn; edisco, learn by heart.

Posco, poposci (no supine), demand.

Deposco, depoposci, and reposco, demand back; exposco, expoposci, chal lenge.

Glisco, gliscere, increase.

Hisco, hiscere, open the mouth, gape.

CHAPTER LII.

INCHOATIVES.

[§ 204.] THE inchoatives (see § 234) in sco are partly formed from verbs (chiefly of the second conjugation*), and partly from nouns (substantives or adjectives), and are accordingly called inchoativa verbalia, or inchoativa nominalia, that is, verbal or nominal inchoatives. The first have no other perfect than that of the simple verb;

According to a passage in Gellius, vi., 15, they were probably pronounced with a naturally long e; as, calēsco, pallèsco.

the others either have none, or form it in a similar way in ui. Few of the verbal inchoatives have the supine of the simple verb.

Only those which are of most frequent occurrence are given in the following list. There are a great many more, but their formation is easy and analogous.

Thus

we may form inchoatives to the intransitive verbs in Chap. XLV., if there is any occasion for it, and we may De assured that it occurs in some passage or other of the ancients.

1. Verbal Inchoatives with the Perfect of the Simple Verb.

Acesco (aceo), acui, grow sour; coacesco, peracesco.

Albesco and exalbesco (albeo), exalbui, grow white.

Aresco (areo), arui, grow dry.

Calesco (caleo), calui, become warm.

Canesco (caneo), canui, become gray.

Conticesco (taceo), conticui, am reduced to silence.

Contremisco (tremo), contremui, tremble.

Defervesco (ferveo), deferbui, gradually lose my heat.

Delitesco (lateo), delitui, lurk.

Effervesco (ferveo), efferbui, grow hot.

Excandesco (candeo), excandui, grow of a white heat; figuratively, am enraged.

Extimesco, pertimesco (timeo), extimui, am terrified.

Floresco, de-, effloresco (floreo), efflorui, bloom.

Haeresco, and ad-, inhaeresco (haereo), ad-, inhaesi, adhere to.

Horresco, exhorresco, perhorresco (horreo), exhorrui, am struck with horros.

Ingemisco (gemo), ingemui, groan.

Intumesco (tumeo), intumui, swell up.

Irraucisco (raucio), irrausi, become hoarse.

Languesco, elanguesco, relanguesco (langueo), elangui, become feeble.

Liquesco (liqueo), licui, melt away.

Madesco (madeo), madui, become wet.

Marcesco (marceo), comp. commarcesco, emarcesco, emarcui, fade.

Occallesco (calleo), occallui, acquire a callous surface.

Pallesco, expallesco (palleo), pallui, turn pale.

Putresco (putreo), putrui, moulder.

Resipisco (sapio), resipui and resipivi, recover wisdom.

Rubesco, erubesco (rubeo), grow red, blush.

Senesco, consenesco (seneo), consenui, grow old. The participle senectus, grown old, is little used.

Stupesco and obstupesco (stupeo), obstupui, am struck.

Tabesco (tabeo), tabui, pine, waste away.

Tepesco (tepeo), tepui, grow lukewarm.

Viresco, comp. conviresco, eviresco, reviresco (vireo), virui, grow green.

2. Verba, Inchoatives which have the Supine as well as Perfect of the Simple Verb.

Abolesco, abolevi, abolitum, cease am annihilated.

Exolesco, exolevi, exolētum, grow useless by age. So, also, obsolesco.

Adolesco, adolevi, adultum, grow up. See 174, Oleo.

Coalesco (alere), coalui, coalitum, grow together.

Concupisco (cupere), concupivi, concupitum, desire.

Convalesco (valere), convalui, convalitum, recover health

Exardesco (ardère), exarsı, exarsum, am inflamed.
Indolesco (dolere), indolui, itum, feel pain.

Inveterasco (inveterare), inveteravi, atum, grow old.

Obdormisco (dormire), ivi, itum, fall asleep; edormisco, sleep out.
Revivisco (vivere), revixi, revictum, recover life.

Scisco, (scire), scivi, scītum, resolve, decree. Hence plebiscitum, populiscitum [§ 205.] 3. Inchoatives derived from N:15.

(a) Without a Perfect.

Aegresco (aeger), grow sick.

Ditesco (dives), grow rich.

Dulcesco (dulcis), grow sweet.

Grandesco (grandis), grow large.

Gravesco and ingravesco (gravis), grow heavy.

Incurvesco (curvus), become crooked.

Integrasco (integer), become renovated.

Juvenesco (juvenis), grow young.

Mitesco (mitis), grow mild.

Mollesco (mollis), grow soft.

Pinguesco (pinguis), grow fat.

Plumesco (pluma), get feathers.

Puerasco, repuerasco (puer), become a child (agair).

Sterilesco (sterilis), become barren.

Teneresco, tenerasco (tener), become tender.

(b) With a Perfect.

Crebresco, increbresco, and percrebresco (creber), crebrui, grow frequent or PAY

rent.

Duresco, obduresco (durus), durui, grow hard.

Evanesco (vanus), evanui, disappear.

Innotesco (notus), innotui, become known.

Macresco (macer), macrui, grow lean.

Mansuesco (mansuetus), mansuevi, grow tame.

Maturesco (maturus), maturui, grow ripe.

Nigresco (niger), nigrui, grow black.

Obmutesco (mutus), obmutui, become dumb.

Obsurdesco (surdus), obsurdui, become deaf.

Recrudesco (crudus), recrudui, to open again (of a wound that had been closed).

Vilesco and evilesco (vilis), evilui, become cheap or worthless.

CHAPTER LIII.

FOURTH CONJUGATION.

[§ 206.] THE desiderative verbs (see § 232) in ŭriv, e. g., coenaturio, dormiturio, empturio, have neither per fect nor supine, with the exception of esurio, desire to eat, perfect esurivi, participle esuriturus; nupturio, desire t marry, and parturio, am in labour, have only perfects, nupturivi and parturivi, but no supine.

The following verbs vary, either in the perfect or in the supine, or in both, from the regular form (īvi, ītum )