wise man," but that "it is always regarded as the part of a wise man." XV, 2. XVI, 5.—7. Adhibita. This is the ordinary word for the English, applied, and should early be made familiar in this sense. VII, 5, Second Course, VIII, 4. XVIII, 14. XXV, 7 and 8.-Affectus. XII, 2. For the peculiar use of afficere, see Krebs, § 205. -9. Ex means out of, and relates to what is internal, or what comes from within. With pendo it is stronger than ab, which represents' an outward dependence and a looser connection. XV, 2. See Reisig, Vorlesungen, p. 722.

CHAP. III. 8. Totus means the whole, as made up of cohesive parts, XIV, 3. Omnis, every one; omnes, all, first with reference to number, and then omnis, the whole viewed as divisible, XIII, 7. XIV, 7.-9. Observe the difference between simulatio, false pretension; and dissimulatio, concealment.-10. Cadit, it happens, it falls out, a figurative sense, borrowed from casting a die, or casting lots. It is often mistranslated. For the use of the second person in amittas, see Krebs, § 218. Comp. V, 11, discedas.—11. Quis, quisquam, and ullus, are used like the English word any, as distinguished from some. They are indefinite, whereas aliquis means some one in particular.—Credi. When intransitive verbs, or any verbs which, in

the active voice govern other cases than the accusative, are used in the passive, they must always be used impersonally. As only those nouns or pronouns which are governed in the accusative in the active voice can become the nominative in the passive, all other nouns and pronouns must be put in the dative in the passive voice. But in the English, the sense is given by rendering the dative like a nominative, as "he ought not to be believed." See Krebs,

§ 171.-12. Nam stands as the first word of a sentence (except when appended to interrogative pronouns), and gives a fuller explanation of the preceding statement, IX, 6. XI, 15.—Enim is the second word in a sentence (except when preceded by a preposition with its noun, or other words which cannot be separated), and gives the reason of the preceding statement, VII, 11. VIII, 5. IX, 7 (where it has the third place, ab hoc enim, comp. III, 14), X, 3. XI, 10, 17, and 18. -13. Ex represents the cause, as the source, out of which a thing proceeds.-Tenduntur. Insidiae is here represented as a net or snare stretched out, or prepared for one.-14. Fides is defined by Cicero, in Chap. III, 2. See, also, XI, 10 and 11. It means, also, promise or pledge given by one party, and reliance or faith exercised by the other. Fidem habeo, as we

see here, does not signify to be true or faithful (which is a corrupt modern usage), but to believe one, to trust him. With per fidem compare perfidia, perfidy, in the same sentence.

CHAP. IV. 2. For the datives, honori multis and probro nemini, see Gram., § 227, and Krebs, § 173. The verb sum is omitted in pointed sayings and proverbs, as in No. 3, and Introd. Exer., 13.-3. Sane, certainly, to be sure, entirely so, differs from certe, certainly, at least. The former is more concessive, the lattter more affirmative; the former implies the assent of others, the latter does not. I, 2, 9, 11.—Quodam, like the English, "a certain, a sort of," softens a bold assertion, and relates less to the object than to the speaker's feelings of modesty. Quasi prefixed to it softens the expression still more. (VII, 9.) Hand's Lat. Stil., p. 440. So quædam in No. 8, and quodam in VI, 5.-5. Facitque, ut, eos diligamus, effect that, i. e., induce. See Krebs, 541, d.

99.66

CHAP. V. 3. Queunt. Queo has a very limited use, and never occurs in Cæsar. It is more commonly found in negative or antithetic sentences.-6. Spartiatae. The Latins are very sparing in the use of genitives in the names of places, as qualifying nouns. The adjective form or something equivalent is almost invaria

bly used, instead of such expressions as, the youths of Sparta, "the inhabitants of Rome." See Krebs, 80, (3).—11. Fortitudines. The plural of abstract nouns is used only when there are several occasions, or acts to which it may refer, VII, 8, 9.

CHAP. VII. Justitiae partes sunt. We might say here, justitiae est, but the representation would be different. The latter would express the peculiar nature or characteristic of justice; the former represents it under the figure of an actor having a particular part to act. The plural (partes) must always be employed in this construction.-4. Id quod. In such explanatory clauses, where the English use only the relative (what, or which), both the relative and its antecedent (id quod) must be used in Latin.— 5. Vivitur. See Krebs, § 220. So, also, II, 10, definitum est, not a personal verb agreeing with sapientia, but impersonal, and therefore less specific. In many instances the impersonal passive, by being more general, is the milder and less offensive form of expression.-6. Sciente. A participle in the oblique cases, is often used in a generic sense for any person performing such an act. See Introd. Exer., 4, 16, First Course, II, 9. Adjectives are employed in a similar way, III, 12, 13. IV, 2.

1. Longa oratio est.

2. Magnum opus est. 3. Est longum iter.

4. Balbus est æger.

5. Dolor brevis est.

6. Philosophi homines sunt. 7. Venales sunt horti.

8. Innumerabiles sunt mundi. 9. Terra mundi pars est. 10. Deus mundum ædificavit. 11. Servus meus aufugit. 12. Is est in provincia tua, 13. Culpa nostra est.

14. Stulti miseri sunt.

15. Sapiens semper beatus est. 16. Nemo nimium beatus est. 17. Cæcilia in sella sedebat.

18. Omnium rerum principia parva sunt. 19. Ille forem cubiculi clausit.

20. De successore meo mihil audivi.

21. In foveam belua incidit.

22. Exigua spes est reipublicæ.

1 Att. XII. 6.-2 X. 6.—3 XII. 18.—4 XIII. 47.- Fin. II. 28, 93.—6 V. 29, 89.—7 Att. XII. 21.—8 Acad. II. 17, 55.— 9 N. D. I. 10.-10 Tusc. I. 25. — 11, 12 Fam. XIII. 77.

.-13 Att. XIV. 14.-14 Fin. III. 18, 61.-15 II. 32, 104.-16 V. 27, 81.17 Fam. I. 46.-18 Fin. V. 21, 58.- -19 Tusc. V. 20.-20 Fam. II. 17.-21 Phil. IV. 5.-22 Fam. XII. 9.

* See the Preface, near the end.