libertie, that sodaynely, with a great violence, they fell on the Tyraunt and pressed him with stones. The olde Zeno in all his exquisite tourmentes neuer made any lamentable crye or desire to be relieued. But for this fourme of Pacience, this onely example suffiseth at this tyme, sens there be so frequent examples of martyrs, whiche for true religion sustayned pacyently nat onely equall tourmentes with Zeno, but also ferre excedynge. But nowe wyll I wrytte of that Pacience that pertaineth unto interior gouernaunce, wherby the naturall passions of man be subdued, and the malyce of fortune sustayned. For they whiche be in autoritie and be occupied about great affaires, their lyues be nat onely replenisshed with labours and greuous displeasures, but also they be subiectes to sondrye chaunces.b

с

Howe pa

The meane to optayne pacyence is by two thinges principally. A directe and upryght conscience, and true and constant opinion in the estimation cyence of goodnes. Whiche seldome commeth onely of maye be optained. nature, excepte it be wonderfull excellent; but by the diligent studye of very philosophie (nat that whiche is sophisticate, and consisteth in sophismes ) nature is therto

A

At ille nec eorum quempiam nominavit, sed proximum quemque ac fidissimum tyranno suspectum reddidit: increpitansque Agrigentinis ignaviam ac timiditatem, effecit, ut, subito mentis impulsu concitati, Phalarim lapidibus prosternerent. Senis ergo unius eculeo impositi non supplex vox, nec miserabilis ejulatus, sed fortis cohortatio totius urbis animum, fortunamque mutavit.'—Val. Max., lib. iii. cap. 3, ext. 2. Pontanus had already said, 'Plena est exemplorum nostra, id est Christiana historia, nec duos licet, aut tres ex eâ proferre, sed plurimos, nec sigillatim sed gregatim, nec viros tantum sed mulieres, easque non modo natu grandiores, verum etiam puellas, quarum animi esse solent maximè imbecilli. Quibus exemplis confirmati, non mortem modo patienter ferendam sed genera mortis contemnenda esse doceamur.'-Opera, tom. i. fo. 79.

Bacon fully realised the truth of this when he wrote, 'Certainly great persons had need to borrow other men's opinions to think themselves happy, for, if they judge by their own feeling, they cannot find it. . . . The rising unto place is laborious, and by pains men come to greater pains.'--Essays, p. 92, ed. 1857.

• I.e. belief in, as Cicero uses the parent word in the following passage :— 'Quum conciliatrix amicitiæ virtutis opinio fuerit.'-De Amicit. cap. II.

Bacon divides false philosophy into sophistical, empirical, and superstitious.

prepared and holpen. This Opinion is of suche powar that ones cleuynge faste to the mynde, it draweth a man as it were by violence to good or euill. Therfore, Tulli saieth, Lyke as

Tuscul. q. iii.

whan the bloode is córrupted, and eyther fleame or

Colere, blacke or redde, is superhabundaunt, than in the body be ingendred sores and diseases, so the vexation of euill opinions and their répugnauncie despoileth the mynde of all helthe, and troubleth it with griefes. Contrarye wyse afterwarde Tulli describeth good Opinion, and calleth it the beaultie of the soule, sayenge in this wyse, As of bodelye membres there is an apte figure, with a maner pleasauntnesse of colour, and that is called beaultie; so in the soule the equalitie and constaunce of opinions and iugementes ensuynge vertue, with a stable and stedfaste purpose, or contaynynge the selfe same effecte that is in vertue, is named beaultie.b Whiche sentences depely inuestigate and well perceyued by them that be about princes and gouernours, they may consider howe ware and circumspecte they aught to be in the indusinge them to opinions. [Whereof they be sufficiently admonished by the moste excellent diuine Erasmus Roterodamus, in his boke of the Institution of a Christen prince,d whiche in myne

Sophistical, when it consists of dialectic subtleties built upon no better foundation than common notions and every-day observation; empirical, when it is educed out of a few experiments however accurately examined; and superstitious when theological traditions are made its basis.

a

• 'Quemadmodum cum sanguis corruptus est, aut pituita redundat, aut bilis, in corpore morbi ægrotationesque nascuntur ; sic pravarum opinionum conturbatio, et ipsarum inter se repugnantia, sanitate spoliat animum, morbisque perturbat.'— Tusc. Disput. lib. iv. cap. 10.

Et, ut corporis est quædam apta figura membrorum, cum coloris quâdam suavitate; ea quæ dicitur pulchritudo; sic, in animo, opinionum judiciorumque æquabilitas et constantia, cum firmitate quâdam et stabilitate virtutem subsequens, aut virtutis vim ipsam continens, pulchritudo vocatur.'-Tusc. Disput. lib. iv. cap. 13.

• The remainder of this chapter is omitted in all the subsequent editions. Discat amare virtutem, horrere turpitudinem, et ab inhonestis pudore, non metu coerceatur. Et quamquam nonnulla boni Principis spes in emendatis moribus ac moderatis affectibus est sita, præcipua tamen est in rectis opinionibus. Nam mores malos aliquoties et pudor corrigit, depravatos affectus vel ætas emendat, vel

opinion can nat be so moche praysed as it is worthy. Therfore I will leaue nowe to write any more of Opinion, sauynge that I wolde that it shulde be all waye remembred, that opinion in iuginge thinges as they verely be armeth a man unto pacience.]

CHAPTER XII.

Of Pacience in sustayninge wronges and rebukes.*

As it

UNTO hym that is valyaunt of courage, it is a great payne and difficultie to sustayne Iniurie, and nat to be furthwith reuenged. And yet often tymes is accounted more valyauntnesse in the sufferaunce than in hasty reuengynge. was in Antoninus the emperoure, called the philosopher, agayne whome rebelled one Cassius, and usurped the emperiall maiestie in Syria and the Este partes. Yet at the laste, beinge slaine by the capitaynes of Antonine next adioyninge, he therof un wetynge was therwith sore greued. And therfore takyng to hym the chyldren of Cassius, entreated them honorably, wherby he acquired euer after the incomparable and moste assured loue of his subiectes. As moche dishonour admonitio. Cæterum ubi persuasum est id cum virtute conjunctum esse, quod procul abest ab honesto, et id egregium esse Principis munus, quod plus quàm tyrannicum est, hoc est ubi fontes sunt infecti, à quibus omnes vitæ proficiscuntur actiones, tum difficillimum fuerit mederi. Proinde in hoc primam ac præcipuam esse curam oportet instituentis, sicuti dictum est, ut pravas vulgi opiniones penitus ex animo revellat, si qui forte insederint, et salutares Christianoque Principe dignas inserat.'-Inst. Prin. Christ. pp. 73-74, ed. 1519.

This seems to have been suggested by a chapter of Pontanus, of which the title is De tolerandis injuriis et contumeliis. See Opera, tom. i. fo. 84 b.

Ipsum Cassium pro clementiâ occidi passus est, non occidi jussit. Deportatus est Heliodorus filius Cassii, et alii liberum exilium acceperunt cum bonorum parte. Filii autem Cassii et amplius mediâ parte acceperunt paterni patrimonii, et auro atque argento adjuti, mulieres autem etiam ornamentis, ita ut Alexandria filia Cassii et Druncianus gener, liberam vagandi potestatem haberent, commendati amitæ marito. Doluit denique Cassium extinctum, dicens voluisse se sine senatorio sanguine imperium transigere.'—Hist. Aug. tom. i. p. 390, ed. 1671.

and hatered his sonne Commodus wanne by his impacience, wherein he so exceded, that for as moche as he founde nat his bayne hette to his pleasure, he caused the keper therof to be throwen in to the hote brennynge furnaise. What thynge mought be more odible than that moste deuelysshe impacience? Julius Cesar, whan Catullus the Poete wrate agayne hym contumelyouse or reprocheable versis, he nat onely forgaue him, but to make hym his frende, caused hym often. tymes to soupe with hym. The noble emperour Augustus, whanne it was shewed hym that many men in the citie had of hym unfittinge wordes, he thought it a sufficient answere that in a free citie men muste haue their tunges nedes at libertie. Nor neuer was with any persone that spake euill of

• This is another instance of the employment by the author of a French word instead of an English. Hall, in his account of the reception of Charles V. in 1522, says: 'On Saterday the Kyng and the Emperor playd at tennice at the Bayne.'-Chron. vol. ii. fo. 98, b. ed. 1548. This no doubt formed part of the Palace of Bridewell, which, as Stowe says, Henry VIII. purposely builded for the entertainment of the Emperor.'—Survey, vol. i. p. 63. And possibly from having been occupied by foreigners may have received a foreign name. Lord Berners, in his translation of Froissart's account of the attack upon the Count of Flanders' house by the men of Ghent in 1381, says: They lefte no gentylmans house unbrent or cast downe to the erthe; and thanne they came agayne to Marlle, the erles howse, and beate downe all that they had left standyng before, and ther they founde the cradell wherein the erle was kept in his youthe, and brake it al to peces, and a fayre bayne wherin he was wont to be bayned.'-Chron. vol. i. p. 702, ed. 1812.

b Auspicium crudelitatis apud Centumcellas dedit anno ætatis xii. Nam quum tepidius forte lotus esset, balneatorem in fornacem conjici jussit: quando à pædagogo cui hoc jussum fuerat, vervecina pellis in fornace consumpta est, ut fidem pœnæ de fœtore nidoris impleret.'-Hist. Aug. tom. i. p. 474.

From the Latin odibilis, which, however, is not used by the best authors. Lampridius says of Heliogabalus: 'Vitâ, moribus, improbitate ita odibilis, ut ejus nomen senatus eraserit.'—Hist. Aug. tom. i. p. 827. The paragraph in the text is obviously merely a translation of the following sentence of Pontanus: Quid hâc impatientiâ, immo impotentiâ tetrius?'-Opera, tom. i. fo. 84 b.

Valerium Catullum, à quo sibi versiculis de Mamurra perpetua stigmata imposita non dissimulaverat, satisfacientem, eâdem die adhibuit cœnæ, hospitioque patris ejus, sicut consuerat, uti perseveravit.'-Sueton. Julius, 73.

• This does not exactly represent the sense of the original, as the reader will see, for it is obvious that the allusion is to the following passage: 'Interdum ob

hym in worde or countenaunce warse discontented. Some men will nat praise this maner of Pacience, but account hit for folysshenes, but if they beholde on the other side what incommoditie commeth of impacience, howe a man is therewith abstracte from reason and tourned in to a monstruous figure, and do conferre all that with the stable countenaunce and pleasaunt regarde of him that is pacient, and with the commoditie that dothe ensue thereof they shall affirme that that simplicitie is an excellent wisedome. More ouer the best waye to be aduenged is so to contemne Iniurie and rebuke, and lyue with suche honestie, that the doer shall at the laste be therof a shamed, or at the leste, lese the frute of his malyce, that is to say, shall nat reioyce and haue glorie of thy hyndraunce or domage.

CHAPTER XIII.

Of Pacience deserued in repulse, or hynderaunce of promocion. To a man hauynge a gentyll courage, lyke wise as nothinge is so pleasaunt or equally reioyceth him as rewarde or preferment sodaynely giuen or aboue his merite, so nothinge may be to him more displeasaunt or paynefull than to be neglected in his payne takynge, and the rewarde and honour that he loketh to haue, and for his merites is worthy to haue, to be gyuen to one of lasse vertue, and perchaunce of no vertue or laudable qualitie. Plato in his Epistell to Dion, kynge of immodicas altercationes disceptantium è Curiâ per iram se proripienti quidam ingesserunt, "Licere oportere senatoribus de Republicâ loqui."'-Sueton. Octavius, 54. But Sir Thomas Elyot has merely copied Pontanus, who says: 'Augustus cum multorum maledictis vexaretur, satis habuit respondere, quòd in civitate liberâ et linguas esse liberas oporteret.'-Opera, tom. i. fo. 85, ed. 1518. Etiam sparsos de se in Curiâ famosos libellos nec expavit, nec magnâ curâ redarguit.'-Sueton. Octavius, 55.

Sir Thomas Elyot has evidently borrowed the title of this chapter from one of Pontanus entitled De tolerandâ repulså, but the subject is treated from a different point of view by the Italian author.