unto hym he shulde haue no nede neither of that money nor of none other. If he wolde be unlike unto him and of dissolute maners, neyther Antipaters giftes nor none others, were they neuer so great, shulde be sufficient."

By these examples it dothe appere howe good men dyd all way flee from rewardes, all though they mought haue ben lefully taken, which in them was neyther folisshenes nor yet rusticitie, but of a prudent consideracion. For as moche as bothe by wisedome and experience they knewe that he, whiche taketh a rewarde before any thinge done, is no lenger at libertie, but of a free man is made bonde, in as moche as he hath taken ernest for his true endeuour. Also by the

• Τοῦ δὲ Μενύλλου δωρεὰν αὐτῷ καὶ χρήματα διδόντος, ἀπεκρίνατο μήτ' ἐκεῖνον Αλεξάνδρου βελτίονα εἶναι μήτε κρείττονα τὴν αἰτίαν ἐφ' ᾗ λήψεται νῦν ὁ τότε μὴ δεξάμενος. ̓Αλλὰ Φώκῳ γε τῷ παιδὶ λαβεῖν δεομένου τοῦ Μενύλλου, ‘Φώκῳ δὲ, εἶπεν, · ἐὰν μὲν σωφρονῇ μεταβαλόμενος, ἀρκέσει τὰ τοῦ πατρός· ὡς δ ̓ ἔχει νῦν, οὐδὲν ἱκανόν OTIV. Plut. Phocion. 30.

I.e. churlishness, the French rusticité, which Cotgrave translates, 'Rusticity, rudenesse, clownishnesse, incivility, churlishnesse, homelinesse, plainnesse, ignorance, or ignorant bashfulnesse.' It would almost seem as if La Bruyère must have had this passage in his mind when he wrote in the next century, Il semble que la rusticité n'est autre chose qu'une ignorance grossière des bienseances.' -Les Caract. de Theophr. p. 17, ed. 1688. Spenser uses the word in its primitive, which is also its more modern, sense, in The Faerie Queene, book iii. cant. 6: 'Seemeth that such wilde woodes should far expell

All civile usage and gentility,

And gentle sprite deforme with rude rusticity.'

Poetical Works, vol. iii. p. 1, ed. 1866.

By Pontanus rusticitas' is opposed to 'urbanitas,' and is defined to be the defect from a mean state denominated affability. 'Quem habitum rerum scriptores moralium Rusticitatem libenter appellavere, neque impropriè sanè, neque inconsideratè, cum teneritas ipsa jocandi civilis admodum res sit, contrà rusticorum hominum sive rigiditas sive jocandi fuga atque horror, inhumanus ille quidem, ab omnique jucunditate aversus.'—Opera, tom. ii. fo. 213, b. ed. 1519.

• Mr. Turner has some remarks on the subject of Wolsey's bribery, which might almost have been suggested by the passage in the text. 'It must be deemed one of the most dishonourable parts of Wolsey's foreign policy, that he adopted a system of receiving gratuitous gifts and annuities from foreign powers. It is vain to allege that they may be taken without corrupt motives or consequences If they were not desired, they would not be accepted; if they were not meant to influence, they would not be given. The benefit derived from them, and

takynge he is become an euill man, though before he were good, for if he receyued it for an euill purpose, he is thanne a wretche, and detestable. If the matter were good, than is he nat rightwise in sellynge a good deede, whiche he aught to do thankefully and without rewarde. And I dought nat who so euer is contented with his present astate, and supposeth felicitie to be in a meane, and all excesse to be perillous, will alowe these sentences and thinke them worthy to be had in remembraunce, specially of them that be gouernours. For that realme or citie where men in autorite haue their handes open for money, and their houses for presentes, is euer in the waye to be subuerted. Wherfore Caius Pontius, prince of Samnites, was wont to saye, I wolde god (sayd he) that fortune had reserued me unto the tyme, and that I had ben than

for which alone they are taken, is the inevitably corrupting circumstance. The mind ceases to be upright and independent, whatever it may fancy it intends, from the moment they commence. The bias may be insensible, may be resolved against, may be unforeseen; but it is certain and unavoidable; and when the habits of life are formed upon the amount of the gifts, their abstraction would produce a degradation, the fear of which is always overawing; as their assistance to avert a change is a continual seduction. The minister who receives pay from a foreign power, is the servant of that power; and if Henry could feel it unsafe, and was therefore jealous that one of his household became the follower of another, it cannot but be perilous to a country that any member of its Cabinet should receive regular gratuities from a different government. If they do not influence, it is a fraud on the giver to take them, because they are granted only for that effect; and as far as they bias, they produce treasonable connivance. In either case knavery is inseparable from their contact; and the great interest, which nations have in the simplicity of the domestic establishments of their statesmen, is, that all expensive habits cannot subsist without adequate expenditure; and that this, when it exceeds the private fortune of the minister, can never be supplied without the violation of integrity and honour, meant or not meant, perceived or not anticipated, by the corrupted or self-deluding individual.'—Hist. of Engl. vol. ix. pp. 236, 237.

■ Burke, in his speech on the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, said: There are crimes, undoubtedly, of great magnitude, naturally fitted to create horror, and that loudly call for punishment, that have yet no idea of turpitude annexed to them; but unclean hands, bribery, venality, and peculation are offences of turpitude, such as in a governor at once debase the person and degrade the government itself, making it not only horrible, but vile and contemptible in the eyes of all mankind.'-Works, vol. vii. p. 158, ed. 1857.

borne whan the Romaynes shulde begynne to take gyftes; shulde than nat suffre them any lenger to rule."

Paulus Emilius, whanne he hadde vainquisshed kynge Perses, and subdued all Macedonia, he brought into the Paulus commune treasory of Rome an infinite treasure, that Æmilius. the substaunce of that one prince discharged all the Romaynes to paye euer after any tax or subsidie. And yet of all that goodes Emilius brought no thinge in to his owne house, but onely perpetuall renoume.

d

Scipio, whan he hadde goten and destroyed the great citie of Charthage, he was nat therfore the rycher one Scipio Afhalfepeny. By this it appereth that honour resteth frican. nat in richesse, all though some perchaunce wyll saye that their reuenues be small, and that they muste take suche

"Utinam," inquit C. Pontius Samnis, "ad illa tempora me fortuna reservasset et tum essem natus, si quando Romani dona accipere cœpissent! non essem passus diutius eos imperare."'-Cic. de Off. lib. ii. cap. 21.

• Ταῖς δὲ Μακεδονικαῖς πράξεσι τοῦ Αἰμιλίου δημοτικωτάτην προσγράφουσι χάριν ὑπὲρ τῶν πολλῶν, ὡς τοσούτων εἰς τὸ δημόσιον τότε χρημάτων ὑπ ̓ αὐτοῦ τεθέντων, ὥστε μηκέτι δεῆσαι τὸν δῆμον εἰσενεγκεῖν ἄχρι τῶν Ἱρτίου καὶ Πάνσα χρόνων, οἵ περὶ τὸν πρῶτον ̓Αντωνίου καὶ Καίσαρος πόλεμον ὑπάτευσαν.—Plut. Emilius, 38.

• Ἐκεῖνο μέντοι τοῦ Αἰμιλίου θαυμαστὸν, ὅτι τηλικαύτην βασιλείαν καταστρεψάμενος οὐδὲ δραχμῇ μείζονα τὴν οὐσίαν ἐποίησεν.—Ibid. Tim, cum Emil. Comp.

Imitatus patrem Africanus, nihilo locupletior Carthagine eversâ.'-Cic. de Off. lib. ii. cap. 22.

• Bentham, in laying down the rule that the emoluments of a public functionary ought to be sufficient to preserve him from corruption, tells the following story as illustrating the non-observance of the rule: 'M. de Launay (Farmer-General under Frederick II.) represented to the King that the salaries of the Customhouse officers were too small for their subsistence, and that it would be but justice to augment them; he added that he could insure to his Majesty that every one would then discharge his duty better, and that the aggregate receipts in all the offices would be larger at the end of the year. "You do not know my subjects," said Frederick; 66 they are all rogues where my interests are in question. I have thoroughly studied them, and I am sure they would rob me at the altar. By paying them better, you would diminish my revenues, and they would not rob me less." "Sire," replied M. de Launay, "how can they do otherwise than steal? Their salaries are not enough to buy them shoes and stockings! A pair of boots costs them a month's pay! At the same time many of them are married. And where can they obtain food for their wives and families, if it is not by conniving at

rewardes as be lefull, onely to maintayne their honour, but lette them take hede to the sayenge of Tulli, Nothynge is more to be abhorred thanne Auarice, specially in princis and theim whiche do gouerne publike

Ci. Off. ii. weales."

CHAPTER XVIII.

The examples of Continence gyuen by noble men.

NOWE wyll I speke of Continence, whiche is specially in refrayninge or forbering the acte of carnall pleasure, where unto a man is feruently meued, or is at libertie to haue it." Whiche undoughtedly is a thinge nat onely difficile, but also wonderfull in a man noble or of great auctoritie, but in suche one as it hapneth to be, nedes muste be reputed moche vertue, and wisedome, and to be supposed that his mynde is

the smugglers? There is, Sire, a most important maxim, which in matters of government is too frequently neglected. It is, that men in general desire to be honest; but it is always necessary to leave them the ability of being so. If your Majesty will consent to make the trial I propose, I will engage that your revenues will be augmented more than a fourth." The maxim in morals, thus brought forward by M. de Launay, appeared to the King-beautiful and just as it really is in itself so much the more excellent from being in the mouth of a financier; since men of this class are not in general reputed to know many such. He authorized the experiment; he increased the salaries of the officers by a half, and his revenues were increased a third without any new taxes.'— Works, vol. ii. p. 244, ed. 1843. Nullum igitur vitium tetrius, quàm avaritia, præsertim in principibus rempublicam gubernantibus.'-De Off. lib. ii. cap. 22.

b Dr. Grew, the celebrated botanist and physiologist, defines continence as 'Contentment, without the pleasure of lawful venery.'—Cosmologia Sacra, p. 74, ed. 1701. The reader may compare this with a still more modern definition by Dr. Whewell, see note, p. 305 ante.

• Patrizi is compelled to make the following admission: Ab hâc quidem amoris perturbatione pauci ex magnis etiam viris immunes innoxiique omni ex parte evaserunt; facilius namque est castitatis ac continentiæ præcepta aliis præscribere, quàm sibi ipsi.'—De Regno et Reg. Ins. lib. iv. tit. 11.

inuincible, considerynge that nothynge so sharpely assaileth a mannes mynde as dothe carnall affection, called (by the folowars therof) loue. Wherfore Plato sayeth, that the soule of man, which by loue is possessed, dieth in his owne body, and lyueth in an other."

Alexander.

The great kynge Alexander, after his firste victorye agayne kynge Darius, hauinge all wayes in his hoste the wife of the same Darius, whiche incomparably excelled all other wemen in beaultie; after that he had ones sene her, he neuer after wolde haue her come in his presence. All be it that he caused her astate still to be maintayned, and with as moche honour as euer it was, sayenge to them whiche, wondrynge at the ladyes beautie, meruailed why Alexander dýd nat desire to haue with her company, he answered that it shulde be to hym a reproche to be any wise subdued by the wife of him whom he had vainquisshed.

• The writer mentioned in the last note acknowledges the force of passion and the difficulty of resisting it: 'Præcipuè quum prima illa pubertatis ætas, quæ magis à Venere incessitur, infirma sit, et vix ullis rationis habenis coerceri possit.' -Ubi supra. Mr. Lecky says: 'It was a favourite doctrine of the Christian Fathers that concupiscence, or the sensual passion, was "the original sin" of human nature; and it must be owned that the progress of knowledge, which is usually extremely opposed to the ascetic theory of life, concurs with the theological view, in showing the natural force of this appetite to be far greater than the wellbeing of man requires.'-Hist. Eur. Mor. vol. ii. p. 298, ed. 1869.

The author has borrowed this from Patrizi, who says: 'Plato dicebat animum ejus, qui amore tenetur, in suo corpore mori, in alieno autem vivere;' but Patrizi was himself doubtful of his authority, for he adds: Sunt qui hanc sententiam Catonis esse putent, quoniam ipse eandem crebris sermonibus usurpabat.' -De Regno et Reg. Ins. lib. iv. tit. 11. Plutarch, however, unhesitatingly ascribes the dictum to the elder Cato : Τοῦ δ ̓ ἐρῶντος ἔλεγε τὴν ψυχὴν ἐν ἀλλοτρίῳ σώματι Sv.-Cato Major, 9.

• Καίτοι λέγεταί γε τὴν Δαρείου γυναῖκα πολὺ πασῶν τῶν βασιλίδων εὐπρεπεστάτην γενέσθαι, καθάπερ καὶ αὐτὸς Δαρεῖος ἀνδρῶν κάλλιστος καὶ μέγιστος, τὰς δὲ παῖδας ἐοικέναι τοῖς γυνεῦσιν. Αλλ' ̓Αλέξανδρος, ὡς ἔοικε, τοῦ νικᾶν τοὺς πολεμίους τὸ κρατεῖν ἑαυτοῦ βασιλικώτερον ἡγούμενος, οὔτε τούτων ἔθιγεν οὔτε ἄλλην ἔγνω γυναῖκα πρὸ γάμου πλὴν Βαρσίνης . . . Καὶ περὶ ἑαυτοῦ κατὰ λέξιν ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ἐπιστολῇ γέγραφει ὁ Ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ ὅτι ἑωρακὼς ἂν εὑρεθείην τὴν Δαρείου γυναῖκα ἢ βεβουλευμένος ἰδεῖν, ἀλλ ̓ οὐδὲ τῶν λεγόντων περὶ τῆς εὐμορφίας αὐτῆς προσδεδεγ μévos Tòv λóyov.'-Plut. Alex. 21, 22.