the erthe. Sygnifyenge therby (as I suppose) the myght and powar of wyne, and also warnynge Alexander of the thirste or appetyte of bloode whyche wolde ensue by his intemperate drynkynge. For Plini (that writeth this historie) sayth immediately, that if Alexander hadde obeyed the preceptes of Androcides, he hadde neuer slayne his frendes in his dronkennes. For undoughtedly it maye be sayde with good right that there is nothing to the strength of mans body more profitable than wyne, ne to voluptuouse appetites more pernicious, if measure lacketh. Also it is very truely and properly written of Propertius the poete, in this sentence folowyng or like :

By wyne beaultie fadeth, and age is defaced,
Wyne maketh forgoten that late was embraced."

Moreouer Salomon, in his boke named Ecclesiastes, calleth that countraye happy whereof the gouernours do eate in theyr tyme. And what shall we suppose is there tyme but onely that which nature and the uniuersall consente of all people hathe ordayned? And of what space is that tyme? But only that which suffiseth to the abundaunt sustentation and nat oppression of nature, ne letteth any parte of their necessary affaires about the publike weale.

[This me semeth may be one exposition of Salomons sentence. And here will I nowe make an ende to wryte any more at this tyme of moderate diete, which I haue nat done

Nec alienum fuerit commemorare hoc in loco, quod Androcydes sapientiâ clarus ad Alexandrum Magnum scripsit, intemperantiam ejus cohibens: "Vinum poturus rex, memento te bibere sanguinem terræ: cicuta hominum venenum est, cicutæ vinum." Quibus præceptis si ille obtemperavisset, profecto amicos in temulentiâ non interemisset. Prorsus ut jure dici possit, neque viribus corporis utilius aliud, neque aliud voluptatibus perniciosius, si modus absit.'—Nat. Hist. lib. xiv. cap. 7.

'Vino forma perit; vino corrumpitur ætas ;
Vino sæpe suum nescit amica virum.'

• See Eccles. x. 17.

Prop. lib. ii. el. 33.

The passage within brackets has been omitted in all the subsequent editions.

of any presumption, but all onely to exhorte gentyll men to preserue and augment their wittes by this exhortation to temperaunce, or suche lyke by them selfes or some other better deuysed.]

CHAPTER XXIII.

Of Sapience, and the definition therof.

ALL be it that some men whiche haue hiderto radde this boke will suppose that those vertues whereof I haue treated be sufficient to make a gouernour vertuous and excellent, nethelas for as moche as the effecte of myne enterprise in this warke is to expresse, as farre furthe as god shall instructe my poore witte, what thinges do belonge to the makinge of a perfeyte publike weale, whiche well nigh may no more be without an excellent gouernour thanne the uniuersall course of nature may stande or be permanent without one chiefe disposer and meuer, which is ouer all supereminent in powar, understanding, and goodnes. Wherfore because in gouernaunce be included disposition and ordre, whiche can nat be without soueraigne knowlege, procedynge of wisedome, in a more elegant worde called Sapience, therfore I will nowe declare as moch as my litle witte doth comprehende of that parte of Sapience that of necessitie must be in euery gouernour of a iuste or perfeyte publike weale.

That such 'exhortation' was not altogether unnecessary, the author shows us pretty conclusively in another place; for in speaking of the sumptuary laws, which were mainly designed to check the vayne and sumptuous expenses of the meane people,' he proceeds with a touch of dry humour to inform us that the nobylitee was exempted, and had libertee to abyde styl in the dungeon, if they would, and to lyue lesse whyle than other men.'-Castel of Health, fo. 45, ed. 1561.

Compare with this the author's remarks in Vol. I. p. 12.

So Patrizi says: 'Civilis ergo scientia, quam sapientiam possumus appellare. -De Regno et Reg. Ins. lib. vi. tit. 6.

The noble philosopher and moste excellent oratour, Tullius Cicero, in the iv boke of his Tusculane questions Ci. tusc. q. saieth in this wise, Sapience is the science of things li. iv. diuine and humaine, which considereth the cause of euery thing, by reason wherof that which is diuine she foloweth, that whiche is humane she estemith ferre under the goodnes of vertue. This definition agreeth wel with the gifte of sapience that god gaue to Salomon, king of Israell, who asked onely wisedome to gouerne therwith his realme. But god, which is the fountayne of sapience, graciously ponderinge the yonge princes petition which proceded of an apt inclination to vertue, with his owne moste bounteous liberalitie, whiche he purposed to employe on him for the entiere loue that he had to his father; he therfore infuded in him plentie of all wisedome and connynge in thinges as well naturall as supernaturall, as it appereth by the warkes of the same kynge Salomon, wherin be well nyghe as many wysedomes as there be sentences. And in myne oppinion one thynge is specially to be noted. Kynge Dauid, father to Salomon, was a man of a

A

'Sapientiam esse rerum divinarum et humanarum, scientiam, cognitionemque, quæ cujusque rei causa sit ex quo efficitur, ut divina imitetur, humana omnia inferiora virtute ducat.'-Tusc. Quæst. lib. iv. cap. 26.

See 2 Chron. i. 10.

• I.e. infused, from the perfect tense of infundo. The author has simply adopted the Latin form. This word appears to be añaέ λeyóμevov, for though Mr. Halliwell, in his Dict. of Archaic, etc., Words, quotes Palsgrave as an authority for this word, he gives no exact reference, and the Editor has been unable to verify the assertion. The word, however, certainly does not appear in its proper place in the alphabetical list of verbs given in L'Esclaircissement de la Langue Française. Another form of the same word is used by Sir Thomas More in the following passage, 'But I say that albeit God is hable in such wyse to inspire and infounde the faythe, if that him lyste.'—Works, vol. i, p. 582, ed. 1557; and also by Thomas Becon in his Castle of Comfort, which was dedicated to the Lady Mary Howard. 'Doth not St. Paul, James, Peter, and Jude, call themselves the servants of Jesu Christ in all their epistles, declaring thereby that they are not the self master, by whom remission and absolution of sins cometh; but only the ministers of him, which infundeth and poureth into all men grace, favour, remission of sins, and everlasting life?'-Works, vol. ii. p. 562, ed. 1844. Parker Soc.

rare and meruaylous strength, in so moche as he hym selfe reporteth in the booke of kinges that he, beinge a chylde and caryeng to his bretherne their dyner, where they kept their cattell, slewe firste a great beare, and after a lyon, whiche fierce and hungrye, assaulted him," all though he were unarmed and whether he had any weapon or no, it is uncertaine, sens he maketh therof no mencion. Also of what prowes he was in armes and howe valiaunt and good a capitayne in batayle hit maye sufficiently appere to them that wyll rede his noble actes and achieuaunces in the bokes before remembred. Wherein no good catholyke man wyll any thynge doute, though they be meruaylous, yet nat withstandynge, all his strength and puyssaunce was nat of suche effecte that in the longe tyme of his raygne, whiche was by the space of xl yeres, he coulde haue any tyme vacant from warres. But alway had either continual bataile with the Philisties, or els was molested with his owne children and suche as aught to haue ben his frendes. Contrary wise, his son Salomon, of whome there is no notable mention made

• See 1 Sam. xvii. 34-37. It is curious that Sir Thomas Elyot has reversed the order in which, according to the A.V., these feats were performed.

I.e. achievements, deeds, or feats. This word appears to be åñag λeyóμevov. • See 2 Sam. v. 4.

This is evidently only the Anglicised form of the French word molester, which again is derived from the Latin molestare, a verb unknown to writers of the Augustan age. Amyot, who translated the works of Plutarch in the sixteenth century, uses the word in his version of the latter's treatise: 'De vitioso Pudore,' cap. 13 ad fin. 'Mais de repoulser ceux qui nous molestent impudemment et effronteement, en ne nous laissant point vaincre à la honte, et ne conceder point choses desraisonnables et deshonestes à tels effrontez, pour estre honteux de leur refuser, ce sont hommes sages et bien aduisez qui le font ainsi.'-Euvres de Plut. tom. i. p. 80, ed. 1572. It is used by Chaucer in Troylus and Cryseyde:

'But how this cas doth Troylus moleste
That may non erthly mannes tonge seye;
For verray wo his wit is alle aweye.'

And also by Spenser in The Faerie Queene:

Poet. Works, vol. iv. p. 336.

'And lost an old foe that did you molest.'

Poet. Works, vol. i. p. 133, ed. 1866.

that he shewed any commendable feate concerning martiall prowesse, sauynge the furniture of his garrysones a with innumerable men of warre, horses and chariotes; whiche proueth nat hym to be valiaunt and stronge, but onely prudent; he after a lyttell bikerynge with the Philisties in the begynnyng

• This, like the word referred to in the last note, is simply the Anglicised form of the French word. Palsgrave gives, 'garyson of men of armes, garnison.' — L'Esclaircissement, p. 224, ed. 1852. It is derived from the verb garnir, which again is connected with the German wahren, from the root war. The verb in the sense of to fortify is frequently used by old French writers. Thus, Guillaume de Nangis, who died in 1302, says, Li chastiaus de Saint Germain estoit de tous les autres dou pays li plus fors et li mieus garnis, et y avoit tant de gens darmes et si grant plenté de vitaille, que on ne creut pas quil peust estre pris.'—Bouquet, Hist. de la France, tom. xx. p. 421, ed 1840. Chaucer uses the original word in The Tale of Melibeus: For Tullius saith, that long apparaylyng byfore the bataillé maketh schort victorie. And Cassidorus saith, the garnisoun is strenger whan it is long tyme avysed.'-Poetical Works, vol. iii. p. 167, ed. 1866.

sense.

=

This is a very old English word, and originally signified fighting in a literal In the Promptorium Parvulorum, which was compiled about A. D. 1440, we find, Bikyr of fytynge (bykere or feightinge) Pugna. And Bekeryn or fyghtyn (bikkeringe) Pugno, dimico.' Skinner thinks that it is of Anglo-Saxon origin, though he also suggests the Welsh word.bicre conflictus, as a possible root. Palsgrave has Bicker, fightyng, escarmouche, bescousse,' and also 'I bicker, I skyrmysshe, je escarmouche. They byckered togyther halfe an houre and more, ilz escarmoucherent ensemble, or, ilz escarmouchoyent une heure et dauantage.' Lord Herbert, in his Life of Hen. VIII., speaking of the events of the year 1533-4, says, 'After many bickerings betwixt the English and Scotch, a truce first, and afterwards a peace, was concluded betwixt our king and King James. — Kennet's Hist. of Eng. vol. ii. p. 176. Fabyan, in his account of the French in Flanders in the fourteenth century, says, 'Thus the Frenchmen liynge before the towne, manye frayes and bickerynges were made betwene the Flemminges and theym, to theyr bothe paynes.'—Chron. vol. ii. p. 155, ed. 1559. Holinshed, in his account of the capture of St. Cloud by the English in 1412, says, At another bickering also it chanced that the Englishmen, under the leading of the Earle of Angus or Kime, had the upper hand, and tooke manie prisoners.'-Chron. vol. iii. p. 537; and again, under date 1420, he says, The earles Marshall and Huntington, Sir John Greene Cornewall, Sir Philip Leech, and diuerse other were sent into the countrie of Maine, where, not farre from the city of Mens, they were incountered by a power of Frenchmen, which the Dolphin had sent against them. There was at the first a sharpe bickering betwixt them, but in the end the victorie remained with the Englishmen.'-Ibid. p. 572. Shakspeare uses the word in its modern sense: If I longer stay, we shall begin our ancient bickerings.'-King Hen. VI., Pt. II., Act I. sc. i.