The Miracle of Islamic Science

13th century Abu'l accomplishments accurate achieved acid Additionally advancement al-Battani al-Biruni al-Haytham al-Idrisi al-Jabr al-Khwarizmi al-Kindi algebra anatomy ancient anesthesia ar-Razi Arabic astronomy mathematics az-Zahrawi Baghdad century A.D. chemistry concept contribution Copernicus Cordova culture described developed discovery disease distillation drugs earth equations Europe's European existence fact founders Galileo geography geology geometry Grecian Greeks historians hospitals human hundreds Ibn Battutah Ibn Rushd Ibn Sina Ibn Sina's Ibn Zuhr India innovated invented Iraq Islamic civilization Islamic Empire Islamic scholars Islamic science Islamic Spain knowledge Latin libraries mathematicians medicine Middle Ages modern science Muhammad Muslim astronomers Muslim chemists Muslim geographers Muslim physicians Muslim scholars navigation numerous orbits original Persia pharmacology pharmacy philosophy physicist physics physiology precise prior produced Ptolemy's Qur'an regarded Roger Bacon Sarton schools scientific method sulfuric surgeons surgery surgical systematic Taught theories translations treatment trigonometry universe utilized Vinci West Western world World Book Encyclopedia writings